Challenges of cardiopulmonary bypass-a review of the veterinary literature.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been used in veterinary medicine in experimental surgery and to address congenital and acquired diseases. We review the veterinary literature and expose common challenges of CPB in dogs and cats. Specifically, we describe the most specific elements of this technique in veterinary patients.

Caudal vena cava kinking in dogs with ascites.

A 9-year-old dog with spontaneous ascites was found to have hepatic vein distension and a tortuous vena cava on abdominal ultrasound. In right lateral recumbency, the caudal vena cava crossed the diaphragm and became kinked before entering into the right atrium. Following this observation, we performed an experimental study in a normal dog to determine whether kinking of the caudal vena cava could be the result and not the cause of ascites.

Congenital coronary-pulmonary arterial shunt in a German shepherd dog: diagnosis and surgical correction.

Background: A 10 week-old intact female German shepherd dog was examined because of a heart murmur.

Methods: An echocardiogram revealed an extracardiac left-to-right shunt. An angiogram identified shunting between the aorta and the pulmonary artery in an unusual location.

Septicemia in a young dog following treatment of patent ductus arteriosus via coil occlusion.

CASE DESCRIPTION-A 12-week-old female English Springer Spaniel was evaluated for lethargy, vomiting, and pyrexia 1 week after treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) via coil occlusion. CLINICAL FINDINGS-Test results were consistent with septicemia, and the assumption was made that the PDA occlusion coils were infected. Radiography revealed partial migration of the coil mass into the pulmonary artery and signs of congestive heart failure.

Use of a jugular vein graft in a modified Blalock-Taussig procedure in dogs.

Objective: To determine whether autologous jugular veins provide functional grafts with high 30-day patency rates in an experimental model of systemic-to-pulmonary shunting performed with a modified Blalock-Taussig procedure.

Animals: 15 healthy Beagles.

Procedure: A segment of the left jugular vein was implanted between the left subclavian and pulmonary arteries.

Atrioventricular nodal ablation and His-bundle pacing: an acute canine model for proarrhythmic risk assesment.

Introduction: QT interval prolongation following drug exposure is considered a marker for increased risk of drug-induced arrhythmias. QT interval measurements are common components of the safety pharmacology assessment of new therapeutic compounds but are potentially confounded by concurrent changes in heart rate that also alter QT intervals. We describe an anesthetized canine model of AV dissociation with His-bundle pacing that overcomes the confounding effects of a change in heart rate.

Surgical palliation of severe tricuspid valve stenosis in a dog by use of Fontan's procedure.

Objective: To describe surgical treatment of tricuspid valve stenosis using the Fontan procedure in a young dog.

Study Design: Case report.

Sample Population: One client-owned dog

Results: A six month old female Labrador retriever was diagnosed with tricuspid obstruction.

Cyanosis and congenital methemoglobinemia in a puppy.

A six-month-old Pomeranian was referred for evaluation of cyanosis. The puppy had been cyanotic since it was acquired at six weeks of age, but otherwise appeared normal. Diagnostics were aimed at the most common causes (i.

Experimental evaluation of central venous pressure monitoring in the dog.

The measurement of central venous pressure (CVP) will provide objective information about intravascular blood volume. Limitations exist with direct and indirect methods of measuring CVP; however, the purpose of this study was to determine if such factors as catheter size, patient position, or measurements taken with either a water manometer or a strain-gauge transducer would affect the accuracy of CVP measurements. The study population consisted of six adult, mixed-breed dogs.

Myocardial buffering capacity and high-energy phosphate utilization during hypothermic circulatory arrest and recovery in the newborn lamb in vivo.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to measure myocardial buffering capacity and adenosine triphosphate utilization rates in the newborn animal in vivo during hypothermic circulatory arrest and recovery.

Methods: These studies were performed with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques, which supplied a 12- to 16-second time resolution, to monitor intracellular pH and phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate levels. All experiments were performed with a radiofrequency surface coil on the pericardium with the sheep centered inside a 4.

Atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect.

In summary, ASD and VSD sometimes do not require surgical intervention and have a good-to-excellent prognosis in animal patients in which surgical intervention is necessary. Animal patients with these diseases often do not show symptoms, but those that do and cannot be adequately managed medically are challenging but rewarding cardiac surgical cases.

The effect of resuscitation technique and pre-arrest state of oxygenation on blood-gas values during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs.

Large mongrel dogs were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to electrically induced ventricular fibrillation after breathing either 100% oxygen (O2) or 10% O2 and 90% nitrogen for 10 minutes before arrest. Four minutes after arrest, open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or intermittent abdominal compression closed chest CPR was initiated and continued for 20 minutes, at which time defibrillation was attempted. Central arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected serially for the measurement of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), and O2 partial pressure (PO2), and calculation of bicarbonate concentration and base excess.

Mixed venous oxygen tension as an estimate of cardiac output in anesthetized horses.

The relationship between mixed venous O2 tension and cardiac output was studied in six anesthetized horses breathing 100% O2. Cardiac output, O2 consumption, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and arterial and venous blood gases were measured after administration of xylazine or dobutamine to horses in lateral, sternal, and dorsal recumbencies. After approximately 3 hours, Escherichia coli endotoxin was administered while horses were in dorsal recumbency, and all measurements were repeated.

Technique for measuring the area of canine articular surfaces.

A method for measuring the surface area of canine articular cartilage was developed. Ten pairs of humeri were harvested from fresh canine cadavers. The articular cartilage of each humeral head was covered with liquid rubber latex applied with a brush to the margins of the articular surface.

Primary hypertension in a colony of dogs.

A 5-year-old female Siberian husky that was diagnosed as an essential hypertensive was bred several times over a 5-year period, producing a colony of 39 offspring. Thirty of the 39 animals were subjected to biweekly systemic arterial blood pressure determinations with femoral arterial puncture and were placed into two hypertensive and two normotensive groups based on mean blood pressure: Group 1 (mean blood pressure, 128 +/- 12 mm Hg), Group 2 (mean blood pressure, 121 +/- 3 mm Hg), Group 3 (mean blood pressure, 114 +/- 8 mm Hg), and Group 4 (mean blood pressure, 101 +/- 9 mm Hg). Groups 1, 2, and 3 had mean blood pressures significantly higher than that of Group 4 (p less than 0.

Pulmonary function in dogs with mitral valve regurgitation.

Mitral valve regurgitation was created in 2 groups of dogs. Groups were selected on absence (group 1) or presence (group 2) of clinical signs of congestive left ventricular failure. Group-2 dogs, in which mean left atrial pressures were greater than 30 mm of Hg, had increases in heart rate, pulmonary arterial mean pressure, left atrial diameter, and left ventricular diastolic diameter.

Canine essential hypertension: probable mode of inheritance.

Essential hypertension (EH) in dogs is a relatively recently reported phenomenon. In this colony the canine disorder follows family lines and has a probable polygenic mode of inheritance, although the specific mode of inheritance has not been defined since an autosomal dominant trait has not clearly been ruled out. Direct intra-arterial femoral punctures are used to monitor blood pressure elevations, which tend to increase with advancing age.

Myocardial tissue iron delocalization and evidence for lipid peroxidation after two hours of ischemia.

Ischemic tissue injury has been proposed to be in part due to oxygen-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. In vitro studies of such reactions show that they are thermodynamically unfavorable unless catalyzed by transitional metals such as iron in low molecular weight species (LMWS iron), ie, the iron-ADP complex. This study tests for iron delocalization into a LMWS pool during myocardial ischemia and for increased tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation.

Streptokinase treatment of cats with experimentally induced aortic thrombosis.

An investigation was initiated to determine the dosage of streptokinase (given IV) that would consistently produce systemic fibrinolysis, as determined by laboratory evaluation, and to determine the relative safety of this drug in the cat. Results indicated that a loading dose of 90,000 IU of streptokinase (given by continuous infusion over 20 to 30 minutes) and a maintenance dosage (IV) of 45,000 IU of streptokinase/hr predictably produced systemic fibrinolysis in the cat. There were no detectable adverse affects seen on physical examination, necropsy, or histopathologic examination.

Postischemic tissue injury by iron-mediated free radical lipid peroxidation.

Cell damage initiated during ischemia matures during reperfusion. Mechanisms involved during reperfusion include the effects of arachidonic acid and its oxidative products prostaglandins and leukotrienes, reperfusion tissue calcium overloading, and damage to membranes by lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation occurs by oxygen radical mechanisms that require a metal with more than one ionic state (transitional metal) for catalysis.

Efficacy of digoxin administration in dogs with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy.

Digoxin administration (0.22 mg/m2 of body surface BID) to 10 large-breed dogs with congestive cardiomyopathy increased shortening fraction more than 5.5% in 4 of the dogs.

Screening coagulation tests in the cat: reference values based on direct venipuncture and catheterized samples.

Platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen degradation products, fibrinogen, and modified thrombin time were determined in 46 healthy adult cats. Samples were obtained by direct venipuncture (pet cats, n=20) or through an 18 gauge intravenous jugular catheter (laboratory conditioned cats, n=26). Range, mean, standard error, and 95% confidence interval were tabulated for the 2 samples.