The effect of two weeks ingestion of a bitter tastant mixture on energy intake in overweight females.

Triggering of gastro-intestinal bitter taste receptors might have implications for appetite and food intake, but the evidence in humans is mixed and limited to acute studies. We previously reported that 15-days consumption of drinks with purified Hoodia gordonii extract and its taste-matched control both produced similar, significant energy intake (EI) reductions in females in an in-patient setting, with no significant differences between treatments. In that study the control was matched to Hoodia flavour and bitterness using Raisin Flavour (RF), Sucrose Octa Acetate (SOA) and Quassia Extract (QE).

Sustained satiety induced by food foams is independent of energy content, in healthy adults.

Our previous research demonstrated high, sustained satiety effects of stabilized food foams relative to their non-aerated compositions. Here we test if the energy and macronutrients in a stabilized food foam are critical for its previously demonstrated satiating effects. In a randomized, crossover design, 72 healthy subjects consumed 400 mL of each of four foams, one per week over four weeks, 150 min after a standardized breakfast.

Aerated drinks increase gastric volume and reduce appetite as assessed by MRI: a randomized, balanced, crossover trial.

Background: Compared with nonaerated, isocaloric controls, aerated foods can reduce appetite throughout an entire dieting day. Increased gastric volumes and delayed emptying are possible but unexplored mechanisms.

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that aerated drinks (foams) of differing gastric stability would increase gastric distension and reduce appetite compared with a control drink.

The relationship between appetite scores and subsequent energy intake: an analysis based on 23 randomized controlled studies.

Background/objectives: Several studies have assessed relationships of self-reported appetite (eating motivations, mainly by Visual Analogue Scales, VAS) with subsequent energy intake (EI), though usually in small data sets with limited power and variable designs. The objectives were therefore to better quantify the relationships of self-reports (incorporating subject characteristics) to subsequent EI, and to estimate the quantitative differences in VAS corresponding to consistent, significant differences in EI.

Subjects/methods: Data were derived from an opportunity sample of 23 randomized controlled studies involving 549 subjects, testing the effects of various food ingredients in meal replacers or 100-150 ml mini-drinks.

Sustained hunger suppression from stable liquid food foams.

Objective: Simple aeration of food matrices with gas has previously been shown to generate immediate suppression of appetite, though duration of effects has not been shown. This research tested whether liquids aerated with nitrous oxide (N2 O) to achieve high in-body stability could produce enhanced and sustained effects on eating motivations.

Methods: In two randomized cross-over studies, appetite ratings were collected for 240 min.

The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers.

Purpose: Small fat droplets infused into the gut reduce food intake and hunger more than bigger ones, at levels as low as 6 g, and these effects are hypothesized to occur via satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin. It is, however, unknown whether the effect of droplet size would persist after oral consumption. It is also unknown whether an even smaller droplet size can affect hunger and food intake and at what minimum amount of fat.

Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Evidence from clinical studies has suggested that cocoa may increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations. However, it is unclear whether this effect is attributable to flavonoids or theobromine, both of which are major cocoa components.

Objectives: We investigated whether pure theobromine increases serum HDL cholesterol and whether there is an interaction effect between theobromine and cocoa.

A quantitative method for estimating and comparing the duration of human satiety responses: statistical modeling and application to liquid meal replacers.

Current methods of analyzing appetite-related self-report data do not allow for representation or statistical comparison of results in terms of common units or response durations. Using data from 13 previous studies, we assessed the suitability of several alternative approaches (interpolation, linear regression, non-linear models) for quantitatively estimating and comparing time to return to baseline pre-prandial levels (TTRTB, min). Curve modeling using the Weibull distribution gave the best fit and ability to determine mean TTRTB values with 95% confidence intervals.

Measuring satiety with pictures compared to visual analogue scales. An exploratory study.

Visual analogue scales (VAS) are a standard tool used to measure subjective appetite. To explore a potentially more intuitive and precise alternative, we developed a method based on pictures and assessed its performance characteristics vs. VAS.

Dose-dependent suppression of hunger by a specific alginate in a low-viscosity drink formulation.

Addition of specific types of alginates to drinks can enhance postmeal suppression of hunger, by forming strong gastric gels in the presence of calcium. However, some recent studies have not demonstrated an effect of alginate/calcium on appetite, perhaps because the selected alginates do not produce sufficiently strong gels or because the alginates were not sufficiently hydrated when consumed. Therefore, the objective of the study was to test effects on appetite of a strongly gelling and fully hydrated alginate in an acceptable, low-viscosity drink formulation.

Intragastric layering of lipids delays lipid absorption and increases plasma CCK but has minor effects on gastric emptying and appetite.

Intestinal intubation studies have demonstrated that lipids induce satiety, but the contribution of lipid processing by the stomach on satiety remains poorly understood. In this explorative, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study we tested whether delayed lipid absorption, increased cholecystokinin (CCK), decelerated gastric emptying (GE), and increased satiety can be achieved by controlling lipid distribution in the stomach. Six healthy men were intubated nasogastrically.