A butterfly egg-killing hypersensitive response in Brassica nigra is controlled by a single locus, PEK, containing a cluster of TIR-NBS-LRR receptor genes.

Knowledge of plant recognition of insects is largely limited to a few resistance (R) genes against sap-sucking insects. Hypersensitive response (HR) characterizes monogenic plant traits relying on R genes in several pathosystems. HR-like cell death can be triggered by eggs of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.

APETALA2 functions as a temporal factor together with BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and MADS29 to control flower and grain development in barley.

Cereal grain develops from fertilised florets. Alterations in floret and grain development greatly influence grain yield and quality. Despite this, little is known about the underlying genetic control of these processes, especially in key temperate cereals such as barley and wheat.