Psycho-social components determining the strategies of coping with stress in undergraduate Polish nursing students.

Background: In order for the nursing students to fully benefit from the clinical experience, it is necessary for them to be able to handle education-related stress. It is important to establish the importance of personal resources and social determinants, that influence coping strategies in stressful situations.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 307 nursing students.

A consistent course of events or a series of coincidences: nursing in Poland from the 19(th) to the 21(st) century.

The development of nursing began in Poland much later than it did elsewhere, for instance in the United Kingdom, the United States, or Germany, and it came up against difficult conditions. After a brief twenty-year period of development between 1918 and 1939, it almost stalled during the war (1939-45), only to be followed by nearly twenty years of chaos. Nursing started to come out of this difficult period at the beginning of the 1960s.

Mentorship: an international perspective.

This paper is an account of a project funded by the European Union as a Leonardo da Vinici pilot project which aimed to produce a framework for a programme which prepares qualified nurses for their role as mentor of the student nurse. Representatives from universities in Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom were the partner countries. The project was developed through the establishment of a series of common meetings sequentially held in each of the partner countries.