Combined Graphene Oxide with 2-Methoxyestradiol for Effective Anticancer Therapy in-vitro Model.

Introduction: This article describes the invention of graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalised with 2-methoxy estradiol. The presence of polar hydroxyl groups enables the binding of 2-ME to GO/rGO through hydrogen bonds with epoxy and hydroxyl groups located on the surface and carbonyl and carboxyl groups located at the edges of graphene flake sheets.

Methods: The patented method of producing the subject of the invention and the research results regarding its anticancer effectiveness via cytotoxicity in an in vivo model (against A375 melanoma and 143B osteosarcoma cells) are described.

An immunohistochemical and molecular genetic study of 60 colorectal carcinoma brain metastases in pursuit of predictive biomarkers for cancer therapy.

Colorectal carcinoma brain metastases (n = 60) were studied using next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry. RAS and BRAF mutations were detected in 58.2% and 7.

Neuropeptide Y in cancer-biological functions and potential clinical implications.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system, affecting many physiological functions. Consequently, dysregulation of the NPY system contributes to numerous pathological disorders, including stress, obesity, and cancer. The pleiotropic functions of NPY in humans are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y5R), which activate several signaling pathways and thereby regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolism.

Remarks on Selected Morphological Aspects of Cancer Neuroscience: A Microscopic Photo Review.

Background: This short review and pictorial essay presents a morphological insight into cancer neuroscience, which is a complex and dynamic area of the pathobiology of tumors.

Methods: We discuss the different methods and issues connected with structural research on tumor innervation, interactions between neoplastic cells and the nervous system, and dysregulated neural influence on cancer phenotypes.

Results: Perineural invasion (PNI), the most-visible cancer-nerve relation, is briefly presented, focusing on its pathophysiology and structural diversity as well as its clinical significance.

ESTRO-EANO guideline on target delineation and radiotherapy for IDH-mutant WHO CNS grade 2 and 3 diffuse glioma.

Purpose: This guideline will discuss radiotherapeutic management of IDH-mutant grade 2 and grade 3 diffuse glioma, using the latest 2021 WHO (5th) classification of brain tumours focusing on: imaging modalities, tumour volume delineation, irradiation dose and fractionation.

Methods: The ESTRO Guidelines Committee, CNS subgroup, nominated 15 European experts who identified questions for this guideline. Four working groups were established addressing specific questions concerning imaging, target volume delineation, radiation techniques and fractionation.

Chasing Graphene-Based Anticancer Drugs: Where are We Now on the Biomedical Graphene Roadmap?

Graphene and graphene-based materials have attracted growing interest for potential applications in medicine because of their good biocompatibility, cargo capability and possible surface functionalizations. In parallel, prototypic graphene-based devices have been developed to diagnose, imaging and track tumor growth in cancer patients. There is a growing number of reports on the use of graphene and its functionalized derivatives in the design of innovative drugs delivery systems, photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy, and as a platform to combine multiple therapies.

"Neuropatologia Polska". The journal and its topics in the first decade of existence (1963-1972).

In this article authors would like to present the history of the "Neuropatologia Polska" journal (since 1994: "Folia Neuropathologica") in its first decade of existence. It outlines the circumstances surrounding the creation of the journal and shows how it evolved in the first years. The vast material analysed from the consecutive issues of the journal in the years from 1963 to 1972 was subjected to statistical and content analysis.

Parenchyma Sparing Anatomic Liver Resections (Bi- and Uni-Segmentectomies) for Liver Tumours in Children-A Single-Centre Experience.

Unlabelled: a single-centre experience in bi- and uni-segmentectomies for primary liver tumours in children.

Methods: This study included 23 patients that underwent (bi)segmentectomy. There were 15 malignant tumours (hepatoblastoma-13 patients), 7 benign tumours, and 1 calcifying nested stromal epithelial tumour.

Targeted sequencing of cancer-related genes reveals a recurrent TOP2A variant which affects DNA binding and coincides with global transcriptional changes in glioblastoma.

High-grade gliomas are aggressive, deadly primary brain tumors. Median survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade 4) is 14 months and <10% of patients survive 2 years. Despite improved surgical strategies and forceful radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis of GBM patients is poor and did not improve over decades.

Recommendations of the Polish Association of Neuropathologists on performing post-mortem examination of the brain and spinal cord.

Neuropathological central nervous system (CNS) post-mortem examination is a highly specialistic element of the autopsy procedure with methodological specificity. Herein we propose updated recommendations for CNS autopsy for pathologists and neuropathologists. The protocol includes the compendium of neuroanatomy with current nomenclature, consecutive steps of gross examination, as well as appropriate sampling algorithms in different clinical and pathological settings.

Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 alternative splicing in predisposition to ovarian cancer.

Background: The mRNA splicing is regulated on multiple levels, resulting in the proper distribution of genes' transcripts in each cell and maintaining cell homeostasis. At the same time, the expression of alternative transcripts can change in response to underlying genetic variants, often missed during routine diagnostics.

Aim: The main aim of this study was to define the frequency of aberrant splicing in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in blood RNA extracted from ovarian cancer patients who were previously found negative for the presence of pathogenic alterations in the 25 most commonly analysed ovarian cancer genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2.

Neuropeptide Y and its receptors in prostate cancer: associations with cancer invasiveness and perineural spread.

Purpose: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a pleiotropic peptide, which is involved in many biological mechanisms important in regulation of cell growth and survival. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of the NPY system in prostate pathology.

Methods: The study was based on immunohistochemical analysis of NPY and its receptors, Y1R, Y2R and Y5R, in tissue samples from benign prostate (BP), primary prostate cancer (PCa) and PCa bone metastases.

Pathway-level mutation analysis in primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer and matched brain metastases.

Brain metastases (BMs) in ovarian cancer (OC) are a rare event. BMs occur most frequently in high-grade serous (HGS) OC. The molecular features of BMs in HGSOC are poorly understood.

Alterations in key signaling pathways in sinonasal tract melanoma. A molecular genetics and immunohistochemical study of 90 cases and comprehensive review of the literature.

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma is a rare tumor arising within the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or nasopharynx (sinonasal tract). This study evaluated 90 cases diagnosed in 29 males and 61 females with median age 68 years. Most tumors involved the nasal cavity and had an epithelioid morphology.

WHO CNS5 2021 classification of gliomas: a practical review and road signs for diagnosing pathologists and proper patho-clinical and neuro-oncological cooperation.

The 5th edition of World Health Organization (WHO) Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours classification has transformed the pathological diagnosis of gliomas from purely histological to the multilayered integrated one with molecular biomarkers necessary for proper classification, risk stratification, and prognostic-predictive clinical purposes. Because of deep and important changes in taxonomy and diagnostic approach to gliomas, this manuscript is a review of WHO CNS classification 5th edition with general testing guidance for pathologists and clinicians working in neuro-oncology.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Uro-Oncology.

Currently available treatment options for patients with refractory metastatic prostate, bladder, or kidney cancers are limited with the prognosis remaining poor. Advances in the pathobiology of tumors has led to the discovery of cancer antigens that may be used as the target for cancer treatment. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new concept in cancer treatment that broaden therapeutic landscape.

Hypoxic hepatitis as a complication of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in a teenager.

Hypoxic hepatitis is a rare complication of type 1 diabetes with unknown prevalence in Pediatrics. We present a case report of an 11-year-old boy admitted to the ER in the spring of 2020 (the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic in Poland) due to nausea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes accompanied by severe ketoacidosis (pH 6.

Hypoxia-activated neuropeptide Y/Y5 receptor/RhoA pathway triggers chromosomal instability and bone metastasis in Ewing sarcoma.

Adverse prognosis in Ewing sarcoma (ES) is associated with the presence of metastases, particularly in bone, tumor hypoxia and chromosomal instability (CIN). Yet, a mechanistic link between these factors remains unknown. We demonstrate that in ES, tumor hypoxia selectively exacerbates bone metastasis.

Central nervous system autopsy - a neuropathological procedure based on multidisciplinary pathoclinical cooperation.

Introduction: Neuropathological brain and spinal cord post mortem examination is a distinct procedure that still plays an important role in modern medicine. In front of increasing amounts of clinical and genetic data, together with important developments in the field of neuroimaging, the Polish Association of Neuropathologists have updated their recommendations regarding central nervous system (CNS) examination. These guidelines are aimed at neuropathologists, pathologists and clinicians.

MLK4 regulates DNA damage response and promotes triple-negative breast cancer chemoresistance.

Chemoresistance constitutes a major challenge in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Mixed-Lineage Kinase 4 (MLK4) is frequently amplified or overexpressed in TNBC where it facilitates the aggressive growth and migratory potential of breast cancer cells. However, the functional role of MLK4 in resistance to chemotherapy has not been investigated so far.