It takes two to attach - endo-1,3-β-d-glucanase as a potential receptor of mannose-independent, FimH-dependent Salmonella Typhimurium binding to spinach leaves.

Currently, fresh, unprocessed food has become a relevant element of the chain of transmission of enteropathogenic infections. To survive on a plant surface and further spread the infections, pathogens like Salmonella have to attach stably to the leaf surface. Adhesion, driven by various virulence factors, including the most abundant fim operon encoding type 1 fimbriae, is usually an initial step of infection, preventing physical removal of the pathogen.

Salmonella adhesion is decreased by hypoxia due to adhesion and motility structure crosstalk.

Initial stages of Salmonella Typhimurium infection involve a series of coordinated events aimed at reaching, attaching to, and invading host cells. Virulence factors such as flagella, fimbriae, and secretion systems play crucial roles in these events and are regulated in response to the host environment. The first point of contact between the pathogen and host is the intestinal epithelial layer, which normally serves as a barrier against invading pathogens, but can also be an entry site for pathogens.

Better together- biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance.

poses a serious threat to public health and socioeconomic development worldwide because of its foodborne pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. This biofilm-planktonic lifestyle enables to interfere with the host and become resistant to drugs, conferring inherent tolerance to antibiotics. The complex biofilm structure makes bacteria tolerant to harsh conditions due to the diversity of physiological, biochemical, environmental, and molecular factors constituting resistance mechanisms.

Gallic Acid Based Black Tea Extract as a Stabilizing Agent in ZnO Particles Green Synthesis.

In this work, zinc oxide particles (ZnO NPs) green synthesis with the application of black tea extract (BT) is presented. A thorough investigation of the properties of the extract and the obtained materials was conducted by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and quadrupole mass spectroscopy (QMS). The obtained results indicated that the amount of used BT strongly influenced the morphology, chemical, and crystalline structure of the obtained particles.