Serum Levels and CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), CXCL8, and IL-10 Synthesis in Phytohemaglutinin-Stimulated and Non-stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Subjects With Schizophrenia.

Introduction: Although schizophrenia is a severe mental illness, whose etiology is still largely unknown, its pathogenesis may be associated with dysregulation of the immune mechanisms. The present study compares the levels of interleukin (IL)-10, interleukin-8 (CXCL8), and fractalkine (CX3CL1) between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. It also assesses the ability of peripheral peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce these cytokines spontaneously and following mitogen-stimulation.

Different effectiveness of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in activating rat peritoneal mast cells.

Mast cells (MCs) are the first immune cell type that can contact with the external environment, where they may rapidly sense the presence of pathogens. These cells are directly involved in innate defense through their ability to pathogen destruction by several mechanisms and the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) they express. Several studies have focused on the aspects of MC responses to bacterial and viral pathogens or their specific components and the role of those cells in antibacterial or antiviral defense mechanisms.

Do Mast Cells Contribute to the Antifungal Host Defense?

The fungal kingdom includes a group of microorganisms that are widely distributed in the environment, and therefore the exposure to them is almost constant. Furthermore, fungal components of the microbiome, i.e.

Mast cell phenotypic plasticity and their activity under the influence of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) and IL-33 alarmins.

Invading pathogens are contained/eliminated by orchestrated actions of different humoral components of the innate immune response. One of them is endogenous molecules called alarmins, which contribute to diverse processes from danger sense until the infection extinction. Considering the participation of mast cells (MCs) in many aspects of the body's defense and, on the other hand, the importance of alarmins as molecules that signal damage/danger, in this study, we evaluated the effect of alarmins on MC phenotype and activity.

Alarmins (IL-33, sST2, HMGB1, and S100B) as potential biomarkers for schizophrenia.

There is growing evidence that immune/inflammatory processes are related to the etiology of schizophrenia. Danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also called alarmins, are recognized as inflammatory mediators that play an important role in the development of many infection-induced or sterile inflammatory diseases. The importance of DAMPs particles in various mental disorders is still not clear.

Expression of Dopamine D and Serotonin 5-HT Receptors in Blood Mononuclear Cells in Schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression profile of dopamine D, D, D, D and serotonin 5-HT, 5-HT, and 5-HT receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in schizophrenia and the effect of antipsychotics on the expression of these receptors in PBMCs of healthy subjects. Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls were recruited for the study. All study subjects underwent thorough clinical assessment, including anthropometric and body composition measurements.

Analysis of IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α levels in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis or healthy implants.

Background: Our study aimed to assess the level of IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) collected from patients with no clinical symptoms of mucositis or peri-implantitis and compare them with cytokine concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) acquired from patients with healthy periodontium and those with varying severity of periodontitis.

Methods: A total of 189 subjects were included in the study, and GCF/PISF samples were checked for IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α levels using an ELISA test.

Results: The IL-1β level in PISF in patients with implants was significantly lower than in GCF in patients with mild, moderate, or severe periodontitis.

Native and IgE-primed rat peritoneal mast cells exert pro-inflammatory activity and migrate in response to yeast zymosan upon Dectin-1 engagement.

Mast cells (MCs) play an essential role in host defense, primarily because of their location, their ability to pathogen destruction via several mechanisms, and the pattern recognition receptors they express. Even though most data is available regarding MC activation by various bacteria- or virus-derived molecules, those cells' activity in response to constituents associated with fungi is not recognized enough. Our research aimed to address whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived zymosan, i.

The Art of Mast Cell Adhesion.

Cell adhesion is one of the basic phenomena occurring in a living organism, affecting many other processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, or cell viability. Mast cells (MCs) are important elements involved in defending the host against various pathogens and regulating inflammatory processes. Due to numerous mediators, they are contributing to the modulation of many basic cellular processes in a variety of cells, including the expression and functioning of different adhesive molecules.

The impact of TLR7 agonist R848 treatment on mast cell phenotype and activity.

Bearing in mind that mast cell contribution to viral clearance is still not fully understood, in this study, we evaluated the effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 viral single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) mimic ligand, namely resiquimod (R)848, on mast cell phenotype and activity. We demonstrated that rat peritoneal mast cells exhibit surface and intracellular expression of ssRNA-specific TLR7 molecule, and that mimic ligand switches the self-expression of this receptor. We also detected other proteins associated with the cellular antiviral response: interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1), interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1), and major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I).

Systemic concentration of apelin, but not resistin or chemerin, is altered in patients with schizophrenia.

It has been suggested that immune-inflammatory processes might be involved in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. Since growing evidence indicates that adipokines strongly modulate the course of immune response and inflammatory processes, it is currently suggested the contribution of those factors in the etiology of schizophrenia as well. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of 4 adipokines-apelin, resistin, chemerin, and omentin-in patients with schizophrenia as compared with healthy subjects.

Mannan activates tissue native and IgE-sensitized mast cells to proinflammatory response and chemotaxis in TLR4-dependent manner.

Mast cells take part in host defense against microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, exert several essential mechanisms of pathogen destruction, and they express pattern recognition receptors. Accumulating evidence indicates that these cells are involved in the control and clearance of bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, but much less is known about their contribution in defense against fungi. The study was aimed to establish whether mannan, which comprises an outermost layer and major structural constituent of the fungal cell wall, may directly stimulate tissue mast cells to the antifungal response.

Fungal β-glucans and mannan stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cytokine production in Syk-dependent manner.

There is evidence that major components of the fungi cell wall not only define fungal properties and survival but also are responsible for their biological activities. Some data indicate that structural components of the fungal cell wall exert stimulatory/modulatory effects on immunocompetent cells acting as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Fungal components can influence the activity of certain immune cell populations by affecting cell maturation and proliferation, promoting phagocytosis, cytotoxic activity, and cell migration, as well as production of various mediators.

Archaea Occurrence in the Subgingival Biofilm in Patients with Peri-implantitis and Periodontitis.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and diversity of archaea and select bacteria in the subgingival biofilm of patients with peri-implantitis in comparison to patients with unaffected implants and patients with periodontitis. Samples of subgingival biofilm from oral sites were collected for DNA extraction (n = 139). A 16S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the presence of archaea and select bacteria.

The association between serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in schizophrenic patients and their metabolic status - A case control study.

Introduction And Objectives: According to immunological theory of schizophrenia, dysfunctions of the immune system are linked with the pathology of schizophrenia. Among cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) seem to be correlated with psychopathology of schizophrenia. Both IL-6 and TNF-α are produced in the fat tissue by adipocytes.

The role of adipokines in the modulation of lymphoid lineage cell development and activity: An overview.

Adipokines are predominantly known to play a vital role in the control of food intake, energy homeostasis and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, evidence supporting the concept of their extensive involvement in immune system defence mechanisms and inflammatory processes continues to grow. Some of the adipokines, that is, leptin and resistin, have been recognized to exhibit mainly pro-inflammatory properties, whereas others such as visfatin, chemerin, apelin and vaspin have been found to exert regulatory effects.

-Defensin Strengthens Antimicrobial Peritoneal Mast Cell Response.

Mast cells (MCs) are engaged in the processes of host defense, primarily the presence of receptors responsible for the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Since BDs are exclusively host defense molecules, and MCs can elicit the antimicrobial response, this study is aimed at determining whether BDs might be involved in MC pathogen defense. We found that defensin BD-2 significantly augments the mRNA and protein expression of Tolllike receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) essential for the detection of viral molecules, i.

The Response of Tissue Mast Cells to TLR3 Ligand Poly(I:C) Treatment.

Mast cells (MCs) are found mainly at the anatomical sites exposed to the external environment; thus, they are localized close to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a multitude of immune cells. Moreover, those cells can recognize invading pathogens through a range of surface molecules known as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs). MCs are extensively engaged in the control and clearance of bacterial infections, but much less is known about their contribution to antiviral host response as well as pathomechanisms of virus-induced diseases.

Curdlan stimulates tissue mast cells to synthesize pro-inflammatory mediators, generate ROS, and migrate via Dectin-1 receptor.

Mast cells (MCs) are engaged in host defense against various pathogens as they are equipped with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among PRRs expressed on MCs, there are also molecules recognizing components of the fungal cell wall, which are able to induce cellular activation and response. However, little information is available concerning the MC activation by various fungal-derived components.

Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Increasing evidence suggests that the course and intensity of inflammation, as well as repair processes, developed in response to stress, injury, and trauma, depend on the interaction between immediately released endogenous molecules, called alarmins or danger/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRR) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activation of inflammatory/immune cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the expression of TLRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD3, and CD14 cells in control group and in patients before the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and three and seven days after surgery. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate expression of TLR2 and TLR4.

Adipocytokines leptin and adiponectin function as mast cell activity modulators.

A growing body of data indicates that adipocytokines, including leptin and adiponectin, are critical components not only of metabolic regulation but also of the immune system, mainly by influencing the activity of cells participating in immunological and inflammatory processes. As mast cells (MCs) are the key players in the course of those mechanisms, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of leptin and adiponectin on some aspects of MC activity. We documented that in vivo differentiated mature tissue MCs from the rat peritoneal cavity express a receptor for leptin (OB-R), as well as receptors for adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2).

In vitro cytokine synthesis in unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with schizophrenia.

Increasing evidence has shown that the immune system is involved in the schizophrenia development, with alterations in immune cell reactivity being one possible factor contributing to its pathogenesis. The purpose of the study was to evaluate in vitro the capability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects with schizophrenia and controls to engage in spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cytokine production. The concentrations of various cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-10) in supernatants from cultured PBMCs were measured using the cytometric bead array.

Serum concentrations of antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with bacterial lung infections.

Nowadays, data indicate that antimicrobial peptides play an important role in immunological defense. Human cathelicidin LL-37 possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and is thereby an important component of defense mechanisms within the respiratory tract. In this study, we determined the LL-37 serum level in patients with pneumonia caused by different bacteria species in comparison with healthy subjects.

The expression of toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is altered in schizophrenia.

Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to neurochemical abnormalities, various immunological alterations are related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) actively mediate immune/inflammatory processes and play a pivotal role in damage/danger recognizing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the expression of TLRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in schizophrenic patients with those of healthy subjects.

Adipocytokine Involvement in Innate Immune Mechanisms.

The innate immune response is defined as an immensely complex and sophisticated process aimed at defending the organism against any disturbance in the body homeostasis, including invading pathogens. It requires a close cooperation of a vast amount of different cell types, recognized as inflammatory migrating cells, as well as stationary cells that form tissues. Moreover, innate immune mechanisms require an efficient functioning of various humoral components that exert a significant impact on physiological and pathological processes.