Disparate and parallel craniofacial climatic adaptations in native populations of Asia, North America, and South America.

Understanding the impact that climate had in shaping cranial variation is critical for inferring the evolutionary mechanisms that played a role in human diversification. Here, we provide a comprehensive study aiming to analyze the association between climate and cranial variation of high latitude populations living in temperate to cold environments of Asia, North America, and South America. For this, we compiled a large morphometric dataset (N = 2633), which was combined with climatic and genomic data.

Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation.

Objectives: Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology.

Materials And Methods: We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain.

Normative reference data for intracranial volume in children: The results of CT volumetry.

Background: Intracranial volume (ICV) is an important indicator of the development of the brain and skull in children. At present, there is a lack of ICV growth standards based on large infant and children samples. Our aim was to assess the normal range of the ICV variation in Russian children using a modern automatic system for constructing the endocranial cavity (Endex) and to provide growth standards of the ICV for clinical practice.

Difficulties in differential diagnosis of sagittal synostosis (scaphocephaly).

Unlabelled: Craniosynostosis is characterized by congenital absence or premature closure of skull sutures. The most common form of craniosynostosis is synostosis of sagittal suture followed by scaphocephaly. There are some head deformities similar to scaphocephaly such as positional and constitutional dolichocephaly, etc.

New insights into the variability of upper airway morphology in modern humans.

The biological adaptation of the human lineage to its environment is a recurring question in paleoanthropology. Particularly, how eco-geographic factors (e.g.

Sexual dimorphism in human midfacial growth patterns from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography.

Recent studies have supported the presence and varying nature of craniofacial sexual dimorphism (SD) from the very first stages of ontogeny. But the exact patterns of between-sex differences during the first years of life remain obscure despite the importance of these data for craniofacial surgery treatment and forensic studies. Our study employs a large dataset of clinical computed tomography scans of individuals of East Slavonic descent from birth to 5 years of age (247 males and 184 females) to address the pattern of age-related between-sex differences in 22 linear measurements of the mid-face.

The role of the nasal region in craniofacial growth: An investigation using path analysis.

This study focuses on the role of the nasal region and its interactions with adjacent facial elements during early ontogeny. A series of linear measurements, areas and volumes were extracted from a collection of 227 medical CT-scans of children from 0 to 6 years of age. These measurements describe aspects of the form of the orbit, maxilla, peri-alveolar (subnasal) region, nasal area, eye, oral region, masseter, and temporal muscles.

[Reperfusion syndrome: state of the art].

Reperfusion syndrome is a complex series of clinical manifestations resulting from restoration of blood flow to previously ischaemic tissues. It is accompanied by damage to cells, tissues and organs at various levels, followed by the development of multiple organ failure. This review deals with the main pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of reperfusion syndrome in lesions of cardiac, cerebral and lower-limb vessels.

Nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses form variation among modern humans of Asian descent.

Objectives: This study explores variation, covariation, and ecogeographic pattern of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinuses, and external midfacial skeleton across 15 populations of east Asian origin inhabiting the Far East, Siberia, Alaska and Greenland.

Materials And Methods: We have collected linear measurements of the internal nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and external midfacial skeleton as well as volumes and surface areas of three-dimensional models of the cavity. A set of seven climatic variables, mtDNA and Y-chromosome genetic matrices and a matrix of geographic distances were also utilized.

Introduction of spring-assisted cranioplasty for scaphocephaly in Russia: first cases evaluated using detailed craniometry and principal component analysis.

Spring-assisted cranioplasty (SAC) was recently introduced in Moscow. This study provides a detailed analysis of the results of the first 14 SAC cases in Russia. The patients underwent a computed tomography scan before surgery and prior to spring removal 3 months later.

Midfacial growth patterns in males from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography.

Objectives: Growth patterns of the human facial skeleton have been of great interest and importance for biological anthropologists, forensic scientists, craniofacial surgeons, and orthopedists. Nevertheless, growth trends of the facial skeleton in infancy and early childhood are still poorly known and clinical CT data have been insufficiently used for studying craniofacial ontogeny. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive quantitative description of human midfacial ontogeny in infancy and early childhood, and to contribute to debates regarding the role of modularity vs.

[Modern diagnosis and treatment in children with congenital basal encephalocele].

Unlabelled: Basal encephalocele is a rare disease that predominantly occurs in children. Its most common symptoms include nasal liquorrhea, difficulty in nasal breathing, and deformity of the naso-orbital region.

Material And Methods: The study group included 19 patients with basal encephalocele, aged 2 months to 18 years.

The association between mid-facial morphology and climate in northeast Europe differs from that in north Asia: Implications for understanding the morphology of Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens.

The climate of northeastern Europe is likely to resemble in many ways Late Pleistocene periglacial conditions in Europe, but there have been relatively few studies exploring the association between climate and morphology in the mid-face of modern northeastern European populations. To fill this gap, we sampled 540 male skulls from 22 European and Near Eastern groups, including 314 skulls from 11 populations from northeastern Europe, to test for possible climate-morphology association at the continental scale. Our results found a moderate and highly significant association (R = 0.

Testing the association between human mid-facial morphology and climate using autosomal, mitochondrial, Y chromosomal polymorphisms and cranial non-metrics.

Objectives: To figure out which and how many systems of genetic markers should be used to control for the effects of shared population history in studies examining the association between morphology and climate and to test cranial non-metric traits as an additional source of neutral distances for such studies.

Materials And Methods: We employed three systems of genetic markers (mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal SNPs) and cranial non-metrics to control for potential impact of population history on apparent associations between climatic variables and mid-facial morphology found in a set of seven North Asian and one East Asian populations.

Results: A significant association between morphology and climate remained, independent of which of the four neutral distance matrices were used as a control.

Extreme climate, rather than population history, explains mid-facial morphology of Northern Asians.

Previous studies have examined mid-facial cold adaptation among either widely dispersed and genetically very diverse groups of humans isolated for tens of thousands of years, or among very closely related groups spread over climatically different regions. Here we present a study of one East Asian and seven North Asian populations in which we examine the evidence for convergent adaptations of the mid-face to a very cold climate. Our findings indicate that mid-facial morphology is strongly associated with climatic variables that contrast the temperate climate of East Asians and the very cold and dry climate of North Asians.

Structural stability and energy of a Pd2Ni nanofilm: ab initio calculations.

Recently, using molecular dynamics simulation in conjunction with an embedded-atom method potential, we have predicted Pd2Ni surface-sandwich ordering at the nanoscale. These findings open up a range of opportunities for the synthesis of new kinds of Pd-Ni nanostructures such as a five-layer Pd2Ni nanofilm from which a Pd2Ni nanotube might be fabricated. In this paper, we report on an ab initio spatial optimization and structural energy calculation of a five-layer Pd2Ni nanofilm, which are performed using plane-wave pseudopotential total energy calculations in the generalized gradient approximation of density functional theory.

Molecular dynamics simulation of surface segregation in a (110) B2-NiAl thin film.

Surface segregation in (110) B2-NiAl film approximately 3 nm thick is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation with a reliable embedded-atom potential. The simulation is performed for the stoichiometric composition at a temperature of 1500 K, just below the melting temperature of the film model. It is found that the (110) surface is structurally stable but develops adatoms, vacancies and antisites.

Interdiffusion and surface-sandwich ordering in initial Ni-core-Pd-shell nanoparticle.

Using molecular dynamics simulation ( approximately 1 mus) in combination with the embedded atom method we have investigated interdiffusion and structural transformations at 1000 K in an initial core-shell nanoparticle (diameter approximately 4.5 nm). This starting particle has the f.

On the positions of centromeres in chicken lampbrush chromosomes.

Using immunostaining with antibodies against cohesin subunits, we show here that cohesin-enriched structures analogous to the so-called centromere protein bodies (PB) are the characteristic of galliform lampbrush chromosomes. Their centromeric location was verified by FISH with certain DNA probes. PB-like structures were used as markers for centromere localization in chicken lampbrush chromosomes.