Determinants of increased muscle insulin sensitivity of exercise-trained versus sedentary normal weight and overweight individuals.

The athlete's paradox states that intramyocellular triglyceride accumulation associates with insulin resistance in sedentary but not in endurance-trained humans. Underlying mechanisms and the role of muscle lipid distribution and composition on glucose metabolism remain unclear. We compared highly trained athletes (ATHL) with sedentary normal weight (LEAN) and overweight-to-obese (OVWE) male and female individuals.

Vitamin B12 and Folate Concentrations in Recent-onset Type 2 Diabetes and the Effect of Metformin Treatment.

Context: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are not only linked to hematological, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases, but are also associated with insulin resistance. Metformin can decrease vitamin B12 and folate concentrations.

Objective: To examine (1) effects of short-term metformin treatment on serum holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and folate and (2) their association with insulin sensitivity in recent-onset type 2 diabetes.

Higher GABA concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex of Type 2 diabetes patients is associated with episodic memory dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an accelerated episodic memory decline, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Hallmarks of T2D comprise impairment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Insulin signaling modulates cerebral neurotransmitter activity, including the excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems.