Genome-wide study of glutathione transferases and their regulation in flufenacet susceptible and resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.).

Background: Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are enzymes with a wide range of functions, including herbicide detoxification. Up-regulation of GSTs and their detoxification activity enables the grass weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) to metabolize the very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis inhibitor flufenacet and other herbicides leading to multiple herbicide resistance.

Recombinant glutathione transferases from flufenacet-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) form different flufenacet metabolites and differ in their interaction with pre- and post-emergence herbicides.

Background: Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) has become a problematic weed in cereals in Europe. Besides resistance to post-emergent herbicides becoming increasingly widespread, enhanced metabolism of inhibitors of the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), such as flufenacet, is evolving.

Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations.

Background: Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) is a frequent grass weed that commonly occurs in winter wheat in temperate Europe. Evolving resistance to post-emergence herbicides, e.