Intra-myocardial hemorrhage and cardiac microvascular injury in ischemia/reperfusion. A systematic review of current evidences.

The in-hospital mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains high despite the undoubted achievements in treatment of this disease achieved in the last 40 years. The dangerous complications of AMI remain cardiac microvascular injury (CMI) and intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH). IMH is a widespread pathology that occurs in 42 - 57% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention.

The role of β-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. Why do β-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists protect the heart?

Background: Catecholamines and β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) play an important role in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to the impact of ischemia and reperfusion. This systematic review analyzed the molecular mechanisms of the cardioprotective activity of β-AR ligands.

Methods: We performed an electronic search of topical articles using PubMed databases from 1966 to 2023.