Long-term, natural course of congenital heart defect often results in secondary hemodynamic and functional disorders in adult life. In such cases, first clinical manifestations are generally due to age-related accompanying or secondary pathology rather than with the defect itself. In the presence of concomitant ischemic heart disease (IHD), leading manifestations may be those of angina, which mask manifestations of the heart defect and complicate the diagnosis.
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