Uncertainty in the mating strategy of honeybees causes bias and unreliability in the estimates of genetic parameters.

Background: Breeding queens may be mated with drones that are produced by a single drone-producing queen (DPQ), or a group of sister-DPQs, but often only the dam of the DPQ(s) is reported in the pedigree. Furthermore, datasets may include colony phenotypes from DPQs that were open-mated at different locations, and thus to a heterogeneous drone population.

Methods: Simulation was used to investigate the impact of the mating strategy and its modelling on the estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trends when the DPQs are treated in different ways in the statistical evaluation model.

Exploring Two Honey Bee Traits for Improving Resistance Against : Development and Genetic Evaluation.

For the development of novel selection traits in honey bees, applicability under field conditions is crucial. We thus evaluated two novel traits intended to provide resistance against the ectoparasitic mite and to allow for their straightforward implementation in honey bee selection. These traits are new field estimates of already-described colony traits: brood recapping rate ('') and solidness ('').

Evaluation of Traits for the Selection of Apis Mellifera for Resistance against Varroa Destructor.

Infestation with is a serious cause of bee colony () losses on a global level. However, the presence of untreated survivor populations in many different regions supports the idea that selection for resistance can be successful. As colony survival is difficult or impossible to measure, differences in mite infestation levels and tests for specific behavioral traits are used for selective breeding for Varroa resistance.

Heritability estimates of the novel trait 'suppressed in ovo virus infection' in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Honey bees are under pressure due to abnormal high colony death rates, especially during the winter. The infestation by the Varroa destructor mite and the viruses that this ectoparasite transmits are generally considered as the bees' most important biological threats. Almost all efforts to remedy this dual infection have so far focused on the control of the Varroa mite alone and not on the viruses it transmits.

A note on genetic parameters and accuracy of estimated breeding values in honey bees.

Background: In honey bees, observations are usually made on colonies. The phenotype of a colony is affected by the average breeding value for the worker effect of the thousands of workers in the colony (the worker group) and by the breeding value for the queen effect of the queen of the colony. Because the worker group consists of multiple individuals, interpretation of the variance components and heritabilities of phenotypes observed on the colony and of the accuracy of selection is not straightforward.

Methods to estimate breeding values in honey bees.

Background: Efficient methodologies based on animal models are widely used to estimate breeding values in farm animals. These methods are not applicable in honey bees because of their mode of reproduction. Observations are recorded on colonies, which consist of a single queen and thousands of workers that descended from the queen mated to 10 to 20 drones.