Air pollution and childhood respiratory consultations in primary care: a systematic review.

Background: Outdoor air pollution is a known risk factor for respiratory morbidity worldwide. Compared with the adult population, there are fewer studies that analyse the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and respiratory morbidity in children in primary care.

Objective: To evaluate whether children in a primary care setting exposed to outdoor air pollutants during short-term intervals are at increased risk of respiratory diagnoses.

Maternal hemoglobin and iron status in early pregnancy and risk of respiratory tract infections in childhood: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Maternal hemoglobin and iron status measures during pregnancy might affect the developing fetal respiratory system leading to adverse respiratory conditions. Our aim was to assess the associations of maternal hemoglobin and iron status measures during pregnancy with the risk of respiratory tract infections in children until 10 years of age.

Methods: In a population-based cohort study among 5134 mother-child pairs, maternal hemoglobin and iron status including ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin saturation were measured during early pregnancy.

Reply to: Early-life respiratory infections and pre-adult asthma: could there be an interaction and differential misclassification?

https://bit.ly/3ocwwAD

Early-life respiratory tract infections and the risk of school-age lower lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 150 000 European children.

Background: Early-life respiratory tract infections might affect chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, but conclusive studies from general populations are lacking. Our objective was to examine if children with early-life respiratory tract infections had increased risks of lower lung function and asthma at school age.

Methods: We used individual participant data of 150 090 children primarily from the EU Child Cohort Network to examine the associations of upper and lower respiratory tract infections from age 6 months to 5 years with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV/FVC, forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF) and asthma at a median (range) age of 7 (4-15) years.

Associations of early-life pet ownership with asthma and allergic sensitization: A meta-analysis of more than 77,000 children from the EU Child Cohort Network.

Background: Studies examining associations of early-life cat and dog ownership with childhood asthma have reported inconsistent results. Several factors could explain these inconsistencies, including type of pet, timing, and degree of exposure.

Objective: Our aim was to study associations of early-life cat and dog ownership with asthma in school-aged children, including the role of type (cat vs dog), timing (never, prenatal, or early childhood), and degree of ownership (number of pets owned), and the role of allergic sensitization.

Influence of maternal vomiting during early pregnancy on school-age respiratory health.

Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum, a clinical entity characterized by severe nausea and excess vomiting, might lead to a suboptimal maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and subsequently to adverse respiratory health in the offspring. The role of common vomiting symptoms on offspring's respiratory health is unclear. We examined the associations of maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy with childhood respiratory outcomes, and potential explaining factors.

Maternal diet in pregnancy and child's respiratory outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 000 children.

Rationale: Severe fetal malnutrition has been related to an increased risk of respiratory diseases later in life, but evidence for the association of a suboptimal diet during pregnancy with respiratory outcomes in childhood is conflicting. We aimed to examine whether a pro-inflammatory or low-quality maternal diet during pregnancy was associated with child's respiratory health.

Methods: We performed an individual participant meta-analysis among 18 326 mother-child pairs from seven European birth cohorts.

A population-based study on associations of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children.

Background: Infants with less diverse gut microbiota seem to have higher risks of atopic diseases in early life, but any associations at school age are unclear.

Objectives: This study sought to examine the associations of diversity, relative abundance, and functional pathways of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study within an existing population-based prospective cohort among 1440 children 10 years of age.

Association between nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in early life and eczema phenotypes.

Background: An association has been reported between early life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and higher risk of childhood eczema, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal and associations with other bacterial species are unclear.

Objective: To examine the associations of early life nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema phenotypes, and the direction of any associations identified.

Methods: Among 996 subjects of a population-based prospective cohort study, nasal swabs for Staphylococcus  aureus, and nasopharyngeal swabs for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae were collected and cultured from age 6 weeks to 6 years.

Parental psychological distress during pregnancy and the risk of childhood lower lung function and asthma: a population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Although maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of respiratory morbidity in preschool children, it is unknown whether this association persists into later childhood.

Objective: To examine the association between parental psychological distress during pregnancy and lung function and asthma in children of school age.

Methods: This study of 4231 children was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort.

during pregnancy and childhood asthma-related morbidity: a population-based prospective cohort.

Introduction: is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease and although infection during pregnancy is associated with neonatal complications, long-term respiratory consequences are unknown. We aimed to determine whether infection during pregnancy is associated with asthma-related symptoms across childhood METHODS: This study among 2475 children and their mothers was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study. Maternal urine samples were tested for infection during pregnancy.

Airway bacterial carriage and childhood respiratory health: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Airway bacterial carriage might play a role in respiratory disease. We hypothesize that nasal carriage with Staphylococcus aureus or nasopharyngeal carriage with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae predisposes individuals to adverse respiratory health.

Objective: To examine the association of early-life airway bacterial carriage with respiratory tract infections and vice versa, and of early-life airway bacterial carriage with wheezing, lung function, and asthma in later childhood.

Sociodemographic factors, current asthma and lung function in an urban child population.

Background: We aimed to assess which sociodemographic factors are associated with current asthma and indicators of lung function in 10-year-old children.

Methods: We analysed data of 5237 children (Mean age: 9.7, SD: 0.

Cord blood DNA methylation reflects cord blood C-reactive protein levels but not maternal levels: a longitudinal study and meta-analysis.

Background: Prenatal inflammation has been proposed as an important mediating factor in several adverse pregnancy outcomes. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory cytokine easily measured in blood. It has clinical value due to its reliability as a biomarker for systemic inflammation and can indicate cellular injury and disease severity.

Eczema phenotypes and risk of allergic and respiratory conditions in school age children.

Background: Eczema phenotypes based on eczema onset and persistence might better identify groups prone to allergic and respiratory conditions than a binary definition of eczema. We examined the associations of childhood eczema phenotypes with allergic sensitization, allergy, asthma and lung function at school age.

Methods: This study among 4277 children was embedded in a multi-ethnic population-based prospective cohort study.

The influence of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus on childhood respiratory health: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are common in early childhood. CMV infection favours a T-helper-1 and EBV infection a T-helper-2 cell response, possibly leading to disbalanced T-helper cell response, and subsequent risk of asthma or atopy.

Objective: To study the associations of EBV and CMV with lung function, asthma and inhalant allergic sensitization at school age.

General and Organ Fat Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Respiratory Outcomes in Childhood.

Obesity has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in asthma, but the underlying role of general and organ fat is unclear. We hypothesized that organ fat, rather than the total fat mass, increases the risk of asthma. In a population-based prospective cohort study among 5,421 children aged 10 years, we measured general fat including body mass index and fat mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and organ fat including subcutaneous fat index, visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, and liver fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging.

European Respiratory Society guideline on long-term management of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

This document provides recommendations for monitoring and treatment of children in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been established and who have been discharged from the hospital, or who were >36 weeks of postmenstrual age. The guideline was based on predefined Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) questions relevant for clinical care, a systematic review of the literature and assessment of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. After considering the balance of desirable (benefits) and undesirable (burden, adverse effects) consequences of the intervention, the certainty of the evidence, and values, the task force made conditional recommendations for monitoring and treatment of BPD based on very low to low quality of evidence.

Associations of Th2, Th17, Treg cells, and IgA memory B cells with atopic disease in children: The Generation R Study.

Background: New insights into immune cells could contribute to treatment and monitoring of atopic disease. Because nongenetic factors shape the human immune system, we here studied these immune cells in a large cohort with atopic children with adjustment for prenatal and postnatal confounders.

Methods: Information on atopic dermatitis, inhalant- and food-allergic sensitization, asthma lung function scores was obtained from 855 10-year-old children within the Generation R cohort.

Epigenome-wide association study reveals methylation pathways associated with childhood allergic sensitization.

Epigenetic mechanisms integrate both genetic variability and environmental exposures. However, comprehensive epigenome-wide analysis has not been performed across major childhood allergic phenotypes. We examined the association of epigenome-wide DNA methylation in mid-childhood peripheral blood (Illumina HumanMethyl450K) with mid-childhood atopic sensitization, environmental/inhalant and food allergen sensitization in 739 children in two birth cohorts (Project Viva-Boston, and the Generation R Study-Rotterdam).

Maternal and neonatal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and school-age lung function, asthma and allergy. The Generation R Study.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency in early life might affect the developing lung and immune system, and subsequently influence the risk of asthma and allergy in later life.

Objective: We examined the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid-gestation and at birth with lung function, asthma, inhalant allergic sensitization and inhalant allergy at school-age.

Methods: This study among 4951 children and their mothers was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Fetal umbilical, cerebral and pulmonary blood flow patterns in relation to lung function and asthma in childhood. The Generation R Study.

Background: Fetal growth restriction is associated with higher risks of childhood respiratory morbidity. Fetal blood flow adaptations might contribute to these associations. We examined the associations of fetal umbilical, cerebral, and pulmonary blood flow with wheezing patterns, lung function, and asthma in childhood.

Does early onset asthma increase childhood obesity risk? A pooled analysis of 16 European cohorts.

The parallel epidemics of childhood asthma and obesity over the past few decades have spurred research into obesity as a risk factor for asthma. However, little is known regarding the role of asthma in obesity incidence. We examined whether early-onset asthma and related phenotypes are associated with the risk of developing obesity in childhood.

A population-based prospective cohort study examining the influence of early-life respiratory tract infections on school-age lung function and asthma.

Background: Early-life respiratory tract infections could affect airway obstruction and increase asthma risk in later life. However, results from previous studies are inconsistent.

Objective: We examined the associations of early-life respiratory tract infections with lung function and asthma in school-aged children.