Investigating the characteristics of health-related data collection tools used in randomised controlled trials in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review.

Introduction: Health-related data collection tools, including digital ones, have become more prevalent across clinical studies in the last number of years. However, using digital data collection tools in low-income and middle-income countries presents unique challenges. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the data collection tools currently being used in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in low-resource settings and evaluate the tools based on the characteristics outlined in the modified Mobile Survey Tool framework.

Nitrite and leukocyte dipstick testing for urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Objective: To determine sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of nitrite (NIT) and leukocyte esterase (LE) testing in relation to laboratory evidence of significant bacteriuria and urinary tract infection (UTI) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: Monthly urine cultures were compared with results of dipstick testing.

Setting: Community based.

Impact of a urinary tract infection educational program in persons with spinal cord injury.

Objective: To test the hypotheses that an educational program reduces the frequency and severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and impacts health beliefs, locus of control, and self-efficacy.

Design: Randomized controlled study.

Methods: Fifty-six participants were randomized to patient educational program or control groups after a 5- or 6-month baseline period.