Advanced design and development of nanoparticle/microparticle dual-drug combination lactose carrier-free dry powder inhalation aerosols.

: lactose is the only FDA-approved carrier for dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations in the US. Lactose carrier-based DPI products are contraindicated in patients with a known lactose allergy. Hence, inhaler formulations without lactose will benefit lactose allergic asthmatics.