Publications by authors named "Evan A Elko"

Vaccination with the tetravalent live-attenuated dengue virus (DENV) vaccines TV003 and TV005 causes a mild, relatively localized erythematous maculopapular skin rash in most dengue-naïve vaccinees. Human challenge model DENV strains, DENV2Δ30 and DENV3Δ30, trigger a confluent skin rash over most of the body in most unvaccinated participants. To determine the etiology of these rashes, we performed in situ hybridization for DENV genome and assessed cellular infiltration by H&E staining in skin biopsies from humans infected with live-attenuated dengue vaccine DENV2Δ30 or DENV3Δ30 challenge strains.

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Article Synopsis
  • - Despite advancements in medical interventions, viral pathogens continue to pose a significant and varied disease burden, with notable health disparities based on sex and ethnicity.
  • - Current viral detection methods are limited in their ability to fully capture the complexity of viral exposures, contributing to an incomplete understanding of these disparities.
  • - This study utilized a method called PepSeq to analyze viral exposure history in a pilot group of adults, revealing expected seroprevalence along with previously undocumented differences in infection rates based on gender and ethnicity.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages of the Omicron variant rapidly became dominant in early 2022 and frequently cause human infections despite vaccination or prior infection with other variants. In addition to antibody-evading mutations in the receptor-binding domain, Omicron features amino acid mutations elsewhere in the Spike protein; however, their effects generally remain ill defined. The Spike D796Y substitution is present in all Omicron sub-variants and occurs at the same site as a mutation (D796H) selected during viral evolution in a chronically infected patient.

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Article Synopsis
  • - PepSeq is an advanced technique for conducting comprehensive proteomic assays using DNA-barcoded peptides, allowing researchers to study the interactions and specificities of proteins in a highly multiplexed manner.
  • - The process involves synthesizing a library of peptide/DNA conjugates from a small serum or plasma sample, enabling epitope-level analysis of antibodies and providing insights into pathogen exposure history.
  • - The protocol consists of two key parts: designing and creating the DNA-barcoded peptide libraries and employing these libraries for high-throughput serological testing, with analysis supported by user-friendly software tools for efficient data handling.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the first widespread vaccination campaign against a coronavirus. Many vaccinated subjects are previously naive to SARS-CoV-2; however, almost all have previously encountered other coronaviruses (CoVs), and the role of this immunity in shaping the vaccine response remains uncharacterized. Here, we use longitudinal samples and highly multiplexed serology to identify mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses against a range of CoV Spike epitopes, in both phylogenetically conserved and non-conserved regions.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the first widespread vaccination campaign against a coronavirus. Most vaccinated subjects are naïve to SARS-CoV-2, however almost all have previously encountered other coronaviruses (CoVs) and the role of this immunity in shaping the vaccine response remains uncharacterized. Here we use longitudinal samples and highly-multiplexed serology to identify mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses against a range of CoV Spike epitopes and in both phylogenetically conserved and non-conserved regions.

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Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (HO). PRDX4 is the only peroxiredoxin located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is the most highly expressed HO scavenger in the ER. PRDX4 has emerged as an important player in numerous diseases, such as fibrosis and metabolic syndromes, and its overoxidation is a potential indicator of ER redox stress.

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Glutathione is a major redox buffer, reaching millimolar concentrations within cells and high micromolar concentrations in airways. While glutathione has been traditionally known as an antioxidant defense mechanism that protects the lung tissue from oxidative stress, glutathione more recently has become recognized for its ability to become covalently conjugated to reactive cysteines within proteins, a modification known as glutathionylation (or glutathiolation or protein mixed disulfide). glutathionylation has the potential to change the structure and function of the target protein, owing to its size (the addition of three amino acids) and charge (glutamic acid).

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Aging is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and increased susceptibility to numerous diseases. This relationship is particularly striking with respect to the incidence of fibrotic lung disease. To identify potential mechanisms underlying the association between aging and susceptibility to fibrotic lung disease we analyzed transcriptome data from 342 disease-free human lung samples as a function of donor age.

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Article Synopsis
  • * PRDXs work alongside other redox systems like thioredoxin and sulfiredoxin, and their function extends beyond scavenging to include chaperone activities that influence various cellular processes.
  • * Despite their importance, there is still limited knowledge about how PRDXs contribute to lung diseases, highlighting a need for more research into their roles in inflammation, injury, and repair processes.
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