Multiomics approaches and genetic engineering of metabolism for improved biorefinery and wastewater treatment in microalgae.

Microalgae, a group of photosynthetic microorganisms rich in diverse and novel bioactive metabolites, have been explored for the production of biofuels, high value-added compounds as food and feeds, and pharmaceutical chemicals as agents with therapeutic benefits. This article reviews the development of omics resources and genetic engineering techniques including gene transformation methodologies, mutagenesis, and genome-editing tools in microalgae biorefinery and wastewater treatment (WWT). The introduction of these enlisted techniques has simplified the understanding of complex metabolic pathways undergoing microalgal cells.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Acclimation of Against Nitric Oxide Stress.

The acclimation mechanism of to nitric oxide (NO) was studied by exposure to -nitroso--acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor. Treatment with 0.1 or 0.

Ascorbate peroxidase 4 plays a role in the tolerance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to photo-oxidative stress.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.

High Light-Induced Nitric Oxide Production Induces Autophagy and Cell Death in .

Autophagy plays a role in regulating important cellular functions in response to stress conditions. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of autophagy in has been not studied. Illumination of cells under a high light (HL, 1,600 μmol m s) condition induced a NO burst through NO synthase- and nitrate reductase-independent routes, and cell death.

Vascular delivery of intraperitoneal Evans blue dye into the blood-brain barrier-intact and disrupted rat brains.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity can be determined by tracer infusion into the circulation followed by measurements of its penetration into the brain parenchyma. Tracer injection through the intraperitoneal (i.p.

Distinct patterns of cerebral extravasation by Evans blue and sodium fluorescein in rats.

The Evans blue dye (EBD; 961 Da) and the sodium fluorescein dye (NaF; 376 Da) are commonly used inert tracers in blood-brain barrier (BBB) research. They are both highly charged low molecular weight (LMW) tracers with similar lipophobic profiles. Nevertheless, the EBD binds to serum albumin (69,000 Da) to become a high molecular weight (HMW) protein tracer when injected into the circulation, whereas the NaF remains an unbound small molecule in the circulation.

Increase in Evans blue dye extravasation into the brain in the late developmental stage.

The development of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) against permeability to inert tracers, such as Evans blue dye (EBD), occurs quite early on at embryonic stages (before E13-E15), and the BBB remains resistant to EBD between E15 and early adulthood (P20-P30). Here, we aimed to examine the changes in EBD permeability at a later stage in development, specifically comparing young rats (P20) with adult rats (P86). We found markedly higher EBD extravasation into the forebrains of adult rats compared with those of the young rats (P=0.