Dietary habits contribute to define the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans.

Background And Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a frequent disorder largely preventable. The aim of this review was to summarize information on the association between dietary habits and the risk of developing T2D.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed database from its inception to June, 2019.

Metabolic Effects of Metformin in Humans.

Background: Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance due to glucagon secretion cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes.

Introduction: Metformin enhances insulin sensitivity, being used to prevent and treat diabetes, although its mechanism of action remains elusive.

Results: Patients with diabetes fail to store glucose as hepatic glycogen via the direct pathway (glycogen synthesis from dietary glucose during the post-prandial period) and via the indirect pathway (glycogen synthesis from "de novo" synthesized glucose) owing to insulin deficiency and glucagoninduced insulin resistance.

The importance of the ionic product for water to understand the physiology of the acid-base balance in humans.

Human plasma is an aqueous solution that has to abide by chemical rules such as the principle of electrical neutrality and the constancy of the ionic product for water. These rules define the acid-base balance in the human body. According to the electroneutrality principle, plasma has to be electrically neutral and the sum of its cations equals the sum of its anions.