Cross-Resistance of the Codling Moth against Different Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Is Caused by Two Different but Genetically Linked Resistance Mechanisms.

Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a widely used biological control agent of the codling moth. Recently, however, the codling moth has developed different types of field resistance against CpGV isolates. Whereas type I resistance is Z chromosomal inherited and targeted at the viral gene of isolate CpGV-M, type II resistance is autosomal inherited and targeted against isolates CpGV-M and CpGV-S.

Effects of a Covert Infection with Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus in Insect Populations of .

Virus infections of insects can easily stay undetected, neither showing typical signs of a disease, nor being lethal. Such a stable and most of the time covert infection with Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) was detected in a laboratory colony, which originated from Italy (Phop-IT). This covert virus (named PhopGV-R) was isolated, purified and characterized at the genetic level by full genome sequencing.

Interaction of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus with a Nosema sp. microsporidium in larvae of Phthorimaea operculella.

An antagonistic effect of a microsporidium (Nosema sp.) infection on the virulence of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) was recorded in potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) larvae with mixed infections. When the P.

Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify and Quantify the Genetic Composition of Resistance-Breaking Commercial Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus.

The use of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) isolates as biological control agents of codling moth (CM) larvae is important in organic and integrated pome fruit production worldwide. The commercially available isolates CpGV-0006, CpGV-R5, and CpGV-V15 have been selected for the control of CpGV resistant CM populations in Europe. In infection experiments, CpGV-0006 and CpGV-R5 were able to break type I resistance and to a lower extent also type III resistance, whereas CpGV-V15 overcame type I and the rarely occurring type II and type III resistance.

Novel resistance to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in codling moth shows autosomal and dominant inheritance and confers cross-resistance to different CpGV genome groups.

Commercial Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) products have been successfully applied to control codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated fruit production for more than 30 years. Since 2005, resistance against the widely used isolate CpGV-M has been reported from different countries in Europe. The inheritance of this so-called type I resistance is dominant and linked to the Z chromosome.

High stability and no fitness costs of the resistance of codling moth to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M).

Resistance against the biocontrol agent Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M) was previously observed in field populations of codling moth (CM, C. pomonella) in South-West Germany. Incidental observations in a laboratory reared field colony (CpR) indicated that this resistance is rather stable, even in genetically heterogeneous CM colonies consisting of both susceptible and resistant individuals.