The meanings given to gender in studies on multimodal rehabilitation for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain - a literature review.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess and describe the meanings given to "gender" in scientific publications that evaluate multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or multimodal rehabilitation for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Method: A systematic literature search for papers evaluating multimodal rehabilitation was conducted. The PubMed and EBSCO databases were searched from 1995 to 2015.

Gendered discourses of youth sexualities--an exploration of PubMed articles on prevention of sexually transmissible infections.

Objective: To explore how gender is addressed in medical articles on the prevention of sexually transmissible infections (STI) among adolescents.

Methods: Sixtyone articles were retrieved from a PubMed search and scrutinized by qualitative content analysis.

Results: Most articles were affiliated with North American research institutions, but there were also reports from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia.

"Grin(d) and bear it": narratives from Sami women with and without temporomandibular disorders. A qualitative study.

Aims: To explore thoughts, experiences, and beliefs regarding temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among Sami women with and without TMD in order to gain insights into their health care experiences and to generate a hypothesis regarding factors associated with long-standing TMD.

Methods: Qualitative thematic interviews were conducted with a strategic sample of 17 Sami women, of whom 10 had a TMD diagnosis according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and 7 age-matched women who had no signs or symptoms of TMD. Their ages were between 23 and 58 years.

Women's experiences of internet-based or postal treatment for stress urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence is common and sometimes embarrassing. New, simple, and easily accessible treatments are needed. We telephone interviewed 21 women who participated in a randomized controlled study comparing two treatment programs based on instructions for pelvic floor muscle training.

Few gender differences in specialty preferences and motivational factors: a cross-sectional Swedish study on last-year medical students.

Background: Today, women constitute about half of medical students in several Western societies, yet women physicians are still underrepresented in surgical specialties and clustered in other branches of medicine. Gender segregation in specialty preference has been found already in medical school. It is important to study the career preferences of our future physicians, as they will influence the maintenance of an adequate supply of physicians in all specialties and the future provision of health care.

Comparing gender awareness in Dutch and Swedish first-year medical students--results from a questionaire.

Background: To ascertain good and appropriate healthcare for both women and men implementation of gender perspectives in medical education is needed. For a successful implementation, knowledge about students' attitudes and beliefs about men, women, and gender is crucial. The aim of this study was to compare attitudes to gender and gender stereotyping among Dutch and Swedish male and female medical students.

Medical students' experiences of shame in professional enculturation.

Context: Despite the intentions of caregivers not to harm, medical encounters may involve intimidation and induce emotions of shame. Reflection is a critical part of professional learning and training. However, the role of shame in medical education has scarcely been studied.

'Important… but of low status': male education leaders' views on gender in medicine.

Objectives: The implementation of and communication about matters associated with gender in medical education have been predominantly perceived as women's issues. This study aimed to explore attitudes towards and experiences of gender-related issues among key male members of faculties of medicine.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 male education leaders from the six medical schools in Sweden.

"My greatest dream is to be normal": the impact of gender on the depression narratives of young Swedish men and women.

Depression is common among young people. Gender differences in diagnosing depression appear during adolescence. The study aim was to explore the impact of gender on depression in young Swedish men and women.

'It should be an ordinary thing'--a qualitative study about young people's experiences of taking the HIV-test and receiving the test result.

Aim: Increased HIV-testing has public health benefits, but for youth there is a multitude of barriers against the test. The aim of this study is to explore how young women and men in Sweden experience HIV-testing within primary healthcare.

Method: Six focus-group interviews were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed according to qualitative content analysis.

"The Western gaze"--an analysis of medical research publications concerning the expressions of depression, focusing on ethnicity and gender.

Our aim of this study was to explore how authors of medical articles wrote about different symptoms and expressions of depression in men and women from various ethnic groups as well as to analyze the meaning of gender and ethnicity for expressions of depression. A database search was carried out using PubMed. Thirty articles were identified and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Struck by lightning or slowly suffocating - gendered trajectories into depression.

Background: In family practice depression is a common mental health problem and one with marked gender differences; women are diagnosed as depressed twice as often as men. A more comprehensive explanatory model of depression that can give an understanding of, and tools for changing, this gender difference is called for. This study explores how primary care patients experience, understand and explain their depression.

A theoretical model for analysing gender bias in medicine.

During the last decades research has reported unmotivated differences in the treatment of women and men in various areas of clinical and academic medicine. There is an ongoing discussion on how to avoid such gender bias. We developed a three-step-theoretical model to understand how gender bias in medicine can occur and be understood.

Gaps between patients, media, and academic medicine in discourses on gender and depression: a metasynthesis.

For reasons that are not yet fully understood, depression affects women twice as often as men. In this article we describe an investigation of how depression is understood in relation to men and women by the patients themselves, the media, and the medical research establishment. We do this by undertaking a metasynthesis of data from three different sources: interviews with depressed patients, media portrayals of depressed individuals in Sweden, and international medical articles about depression.

'Aiming for the stars'--GPs' dilemmas in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients: focus group interviews.

Background: Studies have revealed low adherence to guidelines for treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors.

Objective: To explore GPs' experiences regarding treatment practice in type 2 diabetes with specific focus on the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Methods: Fourteen experienced GPs from nine health care centres with group practices were interviewed in focus groups.

The Law of Communicable Diseases Act and disclosure to sexual partners among HIV-positive youth.

In Sweden, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is included among the venereal diseases covered by the Law of Communicable Diseases Act. HIV-positive (HIV(+)) people are required to inform their sexual partners about their infection and adopt safe sex behaviours. However, it is unclear how the law is perceived.

Longing and fearing for dialogue with children: depressed parents' way into Beardslee's preventive family intervention.

There is a growing interest in prevention of mental disorders in children of mentally ill parents. Beardslee's preventive family intervention is a method recently introduced into Sweden. When asking parents to participate in this intervention, it has become evident how sensitive the issue of parenthood is to our patients.

Attitudes toward and experiences of gender issues among physician teachers: a survey study conducted at a university teaching hospital in Sweden.

Background: Gender issues are important to address during medical education, however research about the implementation of gender in medical curricula reports that there are obstacles. The aim of this study was to explore physician teachers' attitudes to gender issues.

Methods: As part of a questionnaire, physician teachers at Umeå University in Sweden were given open-ended questions about explanations for and asked to write examples why they found gender important or not.

Medical students' attitudes to gender issues in the role and career of physicians: a qualitative study conducted in Sweden.

There is an increasing awareness of the importance to address gender issues during medical studies. This qualitative study is aimed at exploring students' attitudes to gender issues in the career of physicians, and identifying questions important to consider in medical education about gender. At Umeå University in Sweden, third-term medical students write an essay about 'being a doctor' and they also reflect on gender issues their future career.

From calling to a scheduled vocation: Swedish male and female students' reflections on being a doctor.

Background: All over the world an increasing number of women are entering medical schools. Soon women will constitute half of the physician workforce in Scandinavia. However, specialty segregation persists.

"Eyes Wide Shut"--sexuality and risk in HIV-positive youth in Sweden: a qualitative study.

Aims: This study explores the perception of sexual risk-taking behaviour in young HIV+ women and men in Sweden and their understanding of why they caught HIV.

Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 HIV+ women and men aged 17-24 years, 7 born in Sweden and 3 immigrants. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed according to the stages of grounded theory.

Concepts of risk among young Swedes tested negative for HIV in primary care.

Objective: To explore why young adults test for HIV, how they construct the HIV risk, and what implications testing has for them.

Design: Six tape-recorded focus-group interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to a grounded theory approach.

Subjects And Setting: Women and men between 18 and 24 years of age were recruited from a youth clinic in northern Sweden in 2004-05 after being tested and found to be HIV negative.

Gender perspective in medicine: a vital part of medical scientific rationality. A useful model for comprehending structures and hierarchies within medical science.

Background: During the past few decades, research has reported gender bias in various areas of clinical and academic medicine. To prevent such bias, a gender perspective in medicine has been requested, but difficulties and resistance have been reported from implementation attempts. Our study aimed at analysing this resistance in relation to what is considered good medical research.