Immunomodulatory Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Black Radish on Mouse Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway.

Here, we determined the immunostimulatory effects of black radish ( ver niger) hot water extract (BRHE) on a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that BRHE treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species synthesis.

Isolation of a soil bacterium capable of biodegradation and detoxification of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate.

Endosulfan, an endocrine disrupting chemical, is a widely used cyclodiene organochlorine pesticide worldwide, and it blocks neuronal GABA(A)-gated chloride channels in mammals and aquatic organisms. Endosulfan and its metabolites, such as endosulfan sulfate, are persistent in environments and are considered as toxic chemicals. For bioremediation of endosulfan, in this study, an attempt was made to isolate an endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate degrading bacterium from endosulfan-polluted agricultural soil.

GLR1 plays an essential role in the homeodynamics of glutathione and the regulation of H2S production during respiratory oscillation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The role of glutathione (GSH) and its homeodynamics during respiratory oscillation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. Pulse injection of thiol redox modifying agents, such as diethylmaleate, N-ethylmaleimide, DL-butione-[S,R]-sulfoxamine, or 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde into the culture perturbed oscillation, although the degree of perturbation varied. Analysis of the expression profiles of GSH1 and GLR1, the activities of glutathione reductase, oscillations in cysteine and GSH concentrations, and the chemostat culture of the GLR1 disruptant indicated that GLR1 plays an essential role in the homeodynamics of GSH and the regulation of H(2)S production.

Regulation of branched-chain, and sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism by glutathione during ultradian metabolic oscillation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Autonomous ultradian metabolic oscillation (T approximately or =50 min) was detected in an aerobic chemostat culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pulse injection of GSH (a reduced form of glutathione) into the culture induced a perturbation in metabolic oscillation, with respiratory inhibition caused by H2S burst production. As the production of H2S in the culture was controlled by different amino acids, we attempted to characterize the effects of GSH on amino acid metabolism, particularly with regard to branched chain and sulfur-containing amino acids.