Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Diabetic Retinopathy Progression and Systemic Complications.

Purpose: To evaluate the risk of diabetic retinopathy progression and systemic vascular events, including death, in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Electronic chart query using TriNetX, an electronic health records network comprising data from over 124 million patients.

Primary cilia formation requires the Leigh syndrome-associated mitochondrial protein NDUFAF2.

Mitochondria-related neurodegenerative diseases have been implicated in the disruption of primary cilia function. Mutation in an intrinsic mitochondrial complex I component NDUFAF2 has been identified in Leigh syndrome, a severe inherited mitochondriopathy. Mutations in ARMC9, which encodes a basal body protein, cause Joubert syndrome, a ciliopathy with defects in the brain, kidney, and eye.

Association of Ocular Manifestations of Marfan Syndrome With Cardiovascular Complications.

Purpose: To evaluate associations between ocular manifestations of Marfan syndrome and cardiovascular complications.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: The TriNetX Analytics platform, a federated health research network of aggregated deidentified electronic health record data of more than 119 million patients, was used to identify patients diagnosed with Marfan syndrome.

Inferior oblique myectomy for postoperative limitation of elevation in abduction.

Antielevation syndrome is commonly described following anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle. A similar phenomenon may occur following inferior oblique muscle recession, creating a distinct strabismus pattern in the setting of cranial trochlear nerve palsy. We report 3 adult patients, 69-72 years of age, who presented at the Stanford Byers Eye Institute with a similar strabismus pattern-limited elevation in abduction following previous inferior oblique muscle recession for congenital/long-standing trochlear nerve palsy.

Management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Navigating a changing treatment landscape.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, progressive, and potentially sight-threatening form of ocular inflammatory disease that primarily affects children and young adults. Prevalence varies by region, ranging from <2 per 10,000 in the United States to as high as 1,100 per 10,000 in parts of Africa. The rarity of VKC in developed countries can make differential diagnosis challenging, and treatment is often delayed until the disease is advanced, and symptoms are significantly impacting patients' quality of life.

Anterior segment ischemia following strabismus surgery in a young adult using gender-affirming estrogen hormone therapy.

Well-known risk factors for anterior segment ischemia (ASI) following strabismus surgery include ipsilateral surgery on three or more rectus muscles, older age, and vasculopathy. ASI is rarely reported in young patients following uneventful strabismus surgery on two ipsilateral rectus muscles. We report a 30-year-old transgender female on long-term estrogen therapy who underwent strabismus surgery involving recessions of both lateral rectus muscles, the right inferior rectus muscle, and the left superior rectus muscle.

Real-world evaluation of amblyopic patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and treatment patterns using the IRIS Registry.

Purpose: To characterize the demographics, eye-related comorbidities, clinical characteristics, clinical outcomes, type of amblyopia tests used, and treatment patterns of a large cohort of pediatric, teenage, and adult amblyopic patients from the IRIS (Intelligent Research in Sight) Registry.

Methods: In this retrospective electronic health record analysis, we analyzed 456,818 patients, of whom 197,583 (43.3%) were pediatric patients; 65,308 (14.

Referral patterns for infantile cataracts in two regions of the United States.

Background: Delayed treatment of congenital or infantile cataracts can cause deprivation amblyopia. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention is critical for optimal outcomes. This study assessed referral patterns for congenital or infantile cataracts in two regions of the United States.

Outcomes After Corneal Crosslinking for Keratoconus in Children and Young Adults.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of corneal crosslinking on vision and keratometry in children and young adults with progressive keratoconus.

Methods: A retrospective medical records review of patients aged 22 years or younger with keratoconus who underwent corneal crosslinking between January 2013 and November 2019 at Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University was conducted. Outcome measures included logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA); keratometry, including maximum keratometry (Kmax); pachymetry; and total wavefront aberration.

Prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Study Design: The study included infants born <30 weeks in California from 2007 to 2011. Multivariable log-binomial regression was used to assess the association between prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related exposures and severe ROP, defined as stage 3-5 or surgery for ROP.

Review of Ocular Manifestations of Joubert Syndrome.

Joubert syndrome is a group of rare disorders that stem from defects in a sensory organelle, the primary cilia. Affected patients often present with disorders involving multiple organ systems, including the brain, eyes, and kidneys. Common symptoms include breathing abnormalities, mental developmental delays, loss of voluntary muscle coordination, and abnormal eye movements, with a diagnostic "molar tooth" sign observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the midbrain.

Global Practice Patterns in the Management of Infantile Cataracts.

Objectives: Surveys are an important tool to assess the impact of research on physicians' approach to patient care. This survey was conducted to assess current practice patterns in the management of infantile cataracts in light of the findings of the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study.

Methods: Pediatric ophthalmologists were emailed a link to the survey using newsletters from American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, World Society of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and the Pediatric Listserv.

Treatment of Amblyopia and Amblyopia Risk Factors Based on Current Evidence.

Purpose: Amblyopia is a leading cause of low vision and warrants timely management during childhood. We performed a literature review of the management of amblyopia and potential risk factors for amblyopia.

Methods: Literature review of the management of amblyopia and risk factors for amblyopia.

Evaluation and Management of Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Children.

Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is characterized by a sudden-onset eye misalignment with an equal angle of deviation in all fields of gaze. This form of esotropia is distinct from common forms of childhood esotropia, such as infantile esotropia and accommodative esotropia, in the rapid tempo and typically later timing of onset; further, AACE is distinct from restrictive or paretic strabismus, which usually results in an incomitant angle of deviation that varies with the direction of gaze. The underlying etiologies for AACE are broad but, in some cases, it may be associated with significant neurologic disease.

Effects of Glaucoma Tube Surgery on Corneal Endothelial Cells: A Review.

The etiology of corneal decompensation after aqueous shunt implantation remains poorly understood. With the use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography and specular microscopy, the relationship of these implants to the surrounding tissues can be investigated over time. This article will review the current knowledge pertaining to endothelial cell loss related to glaucoma and surgery and highlight possible causes that have been proposed for endothelial cell loss after aqueous shunt implantation.

Effect of glaucoma tube shunt parameters on cornea endothelial cells in patients with Ahmed valve implants.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of various tube parameters on corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) after insertion of Ahmed valves.

Methods: Thirty-nine eyes of 33 patients with previous superotemporal (ST) Ahmed valve implantation and 20 eyes of 13 participants with previous uncomplicated phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation but no history of glaucoma surgery were evaluated. Various tube parameters were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Expanding indications for the Boston keratoprosthesis.

Purpose Of Review: To review emerging indications for the Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) and to discuss current research underway to improve clinical outcomes.

Recent Findings: In addition to multiple failed corneal grafts, other ocular conditions for which the Boston KPro has been used include herpetic keratitis, aniridia, autoimmune ocular disorders, and pediatric corneal opacities. In the recent years, the KPro has been implanted for various other conditions and has also been explored as a cost-effective treatment for severe corneal diseases internationally.