Evidence for a Causal Dissociation of the McGurk Effect and Congruent Audiovisual Speech Perception via TMS to the Left pSTS.

Congruent visual speech improves speech perception accuracy, particularly in noisy environments. Conversely, mismatched visual speech can alter what is heard, leading to an illusory percept that differs from the auditory and visual components, known as the McGurk effect. While prior transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and neuroimaging studies have identified the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) as a causal region involved in the generation of the McGurk effect, it remains unclear whether this region is critical only for this illusion or also for the more general benefits of congruent visual speech (e.

Disparity in guideline adherence for prehospital care according to patient age in emergency medical service transport for moderate to severe trauma.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between patient age and guideline adherence for prehospital care in emergency medical services (EMS) for moderate to severe trauma.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational study that used a nationwide EMS-based trauma database from 2016 to 2019. Adult trauma patients whose injury severity score was greater than or equal to nine were screened, and those with cardiac arrest or without outcome data were excluded.

Evidence for a Causal Dissociation of the McGurk Effect and Congruent Audiovisual Speech Perception via TMS.

Congruent visual speech improves speech perception accuracy, particularly in noisy environments. Conversely, mismatched visual speech can alter what is heard, leading to an illusory percept known as the McGurk effect. This illusion has been widely used to study audiovisual speech integration, illustrating that auditory and visual cues are combined in the brain to generate a single coherent percept.

Visual cortex responds to sound onset and offset during passive listening.

Sounds enhance our ability to detect, localize, and respond to co-occurring visual targets. Research suggests that sounds improve visual processing by resetting the phase of ongoing oscillations in visual cortex. However, it remains unclear what information is relayed from the auditory system to visual areas and if sounds modulate visual activity even in the absence of visual stimuli (e.

Balancing task sensitivity with reliability for multimodal language assessments.

Objective: Intraoperative tasks for awake language mapping are typically selected based on the language tracts that will likely be encountered during tumor resection. However, diminished attention and arousal secondary to perioperative sedatives may reduce a task's usefulness for identifying eloquent cortex. For instance, accuracy in performing select language tasks may be high preoperatively but decline in the operating room.

Defining the latent period of epileptogenesis and epileptogenic zone in a focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) rat model.

Objectives: Focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) is one of the most common underlying pathologies in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, mechanistic understanding of FCDII fails to keep pace with genetic discoveries, primarily due to the significant challenge in developing a clinically relevant animal model. Conceptually and clinically important questions, such as the unknown latent period of epileptogenesis and the controversial epileptogenic zone, remain unknown in all experimental FCDII animal models, making it even more challenging to investigate the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms.

Assessment of wakefulness during awake craniotomy to predict intraoperative language performance.

Objective: Maximal safe tumor resection in language areas of the brain relies on a patient's ability to perform intraoperative language tasks. Assessing the performance of these tasks during awake craniotomies allows the neurosurgeon to identify and preserve brain regions that are critical for language processing. However, receiving sedation and analgesia just prior to experiencing an awake craniotomy may reduce a patient's wakefulness, leading to transient language and/or cognitive impairments that do not completely subside before language testing begins.

Double-blind study of visual imagery in grapheme-color synesthesia.

Synesthesia is an atypical perceptual phenomenon that has been associated with generalized differences in other cognitive and perceptual domains. Given similarities in the qualitative nature of synesthetic experiences to visual imagery perceptions, several studies have sought to examine whether synesthetes demonstrate increased visual imagery abilities. Using subjective imagery questionnaires, some studies have identified superior imaging abilities in synesthetes, while others have not.

Joint Encoding of Auditory Timing and Location in Visual Cortex.

Co-occurring sounds can facilitate perception of spatially and temporally correspondent visual events. Separate lines of research have identified two putatively distinct neural mechanisms underlying two types of crossmodal facilitations: Whereas crossmodal phase resetting is thought to underlie enhancements based on temporal correspondences, lateralized occipital evoked potentials (ERPs) are thought to reflect enhancements based on spatial correspondences. Here, we sought to clarify the relationship between these two effects to assess whether they reflect two distinct mechanisms or, rather, two facets of the same underlying process.