Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals TKT as a potential biomarker for medulloblastoma.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MBL). Recent advancements in mass spectrometry systems and 'Omics' data analysis methods enable unbiased, high proteome depth research. We conducted proteomic profiling of the total CSF in MBL patients with the purpose of finding a potential diagnostic biomarker for MBL.

Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma.

Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). We conducted multiomics analyses of 20 CPT patients including CPP and CPC.

Neurocognitive outcomes and associated clinical factors 5 years after surgery in children with craniosynostosis.

Objective: Craniosynostosis involves early closure of one or more sutures, which is known to limit normal cranium growth and interfere with normal brain development. Various surgical methods are used, ranging from minimally invasive strip craniectomy to more extensive whole-vault cranioplasty. This study aimed to evaluate neurocognitive outcomes 5 years after surgical treatment in children with craniosynostosis and to evaluate relevant clinical factors.

The Role of Early and Delayed Surgery for Infants with Congenital Brain Tumors.

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the role of early and delayed surgery in congenital brain tumors and analyze the clinical outcomes of infantile brain tumors.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 69 infantile brain tumors at a single institution from January 2008 to June 2023. Outcomes were assessed as early mortality (within 30 days following surgery) to evaluate the risk of early surgery in congenital brain tumors.

Survival and Malignant Transformation of Pineal Parenchymal Tumors: A 30-Year Retrospective Analysis in a Single-Institution.

Background: This study aims to elucidate clinical features, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis of pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT) by analyzing a 30-year dataset of a single institution.

Methods: We reviewed data from 43 patients diagnosed with PPT at Seoul National University Hospital between 1990 and 2020. We performed survival analyses and assessed prognostic factors.

Surgical indication of pediatric Rathke's cleft cyst based on a 20-year retrospective cohort.

Objective: Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) is the most commonly encountered pituitary incidentaloma in children. Because RCC is not frequently diagnosed in children, there are few reports on pediatric RCCs. The natural course of the disease and appropriate treatments are still obscure.

Long-Term Surgical Outcome of Indirect Bypass Surgery in Young Children With Moyamoya Disease.

Background: The prognosis of moyamoya disease (MMD) in young children (younger than 4 years) is worse than that of older adults. The effectiveness of surgery is still inconclusive.

Objective: To evaluate long-term outcomes after indirect bypass in young children with MMD.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A is a Key Regulator of Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence in Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Moyamoya Disease.

Objective: Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease (MMD). We have previously observed stagnant growth in MMD ECFCs with functional impairment of tubule formation. We aimed to verify the key regulators and related signaling pathways involved in the functional defects of MMD ECFCs.

Comparison of Bifrontal Craniotomy and Multiple Burr Hole Encephalogaleoperiosteal-Synangiosis for Pediatric Moyamoya Disease: An Experience of 346 Patients.

Background And Objectives: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a steno-occlusive disease treated with revascularization surgery. Craniotomy and multiple burr hole encephalogaleoperiosteal-synangiosis (EGPS) are used for revascularization of the anterior cerebral artery territory. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome between the 2 surgical methods in pediatric patients with MMD.

Clinical Outcome of Endoscopic Procedure in Patients with Shunt Malfunction.

Objective: The goal of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and endoscopic septostomy when shunt malfunction occurs in a patient who has previously undergone placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

Methods: From 2001 to 2020 at Seoul National University Children's Hospital, patients who underwent ETV or endoscopic septostomy for shunt malfunction were retrospectively analyzed. Initial diagnosis (etiology of hydrocephalus), age at first shunt insertion, age at endoscopic procedure, magnetic resonance or computed tomography image, subsequent shunting data, and follow-up period were included.

Molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma in pediatric population using the NanoString assay and comparison with immunohistochemistry methods.

Purpose: Molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma has become important due to its impact on risk group stratification. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been widely used but it has innate limitations. The NanoString assay has been proposed as an alternative method.

Clinical outcomes of pediatric cerebral cavernous malformation: an analysis of 124 consecutive cases.

Objective: One-fourth of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) patients are children, but studies on these patients are scarce. This study aimed to identify the clinical presentation of pediatric CCM patients and to investigate clinical outcomes according to the treatment modalities applied on the basis of our institution's treatment strategy.

Methods: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 124 pediatric CCM patients with a follow-up of more than 1 year from 2000 to 2019.

Clinical Outcome of Optic Pathway and Hypothalamic Gliomas: A 20-Year Single-Institution Retrospective Study.

Background: Optic pathway and hypothalamic gliomas (OPHGs) are challenging to surgically remove owing to their anatomical relationship. We previously reported on surgical treatment outcomes over a 10-year time frame. The purpose of this study was to update the OPHG clinical outcomes for cases in which chemotherapy has become the primary treatment option.

Remote cerebellar hemorrhage after a neurosurgical procedure: A report of three cases.

Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) is a rare complication of neurosurgical procedures and is characterized by a typical bleeding pattern defined as the "zebra sign." Only few cases of RCH have been reported in the English literature, and its pathophysiology remains unclear. In this report, we present the cases of three patients with RCH after three different procedures: burr-hole trephination and chronic subdural hematoma evacuation of bilateral cerebral convexity with subsequent subdural drain insertion, lumbar drainage for cerebrospinal fluid divergence for thoracic endovascular aortic repair, and combined bypass surgery for moyamoya disease.

Nanopore 16S sequencing enhances the detection of bacterial meningitis after neurosurgery.

Objective: Nosocomial bacterial meningitis is one of the major complications after neurosurgery. We performed nanopore 16S amplicon sequencing from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to evaluate bacterial meningitis in patients who underwent neurosurgery.

Methods: Among the patients who visited the neurosurgery department of Seoul National University Hospital between July 2017 and June 2020, those with clinically suspected bacterial meningitis were included.

Analysis of multi-omics data on the relationship between epigenetic changes and nervous system disorders caused by exposure to environmentally harmful substances.

Environmentally hazardous substances and exposure to these can cause various diseases. Volatile organic compounds can easily evaporate into the atmosphere, thereby exerting toxic effects through either the skin or respiratory tract exposures. Toluene, a neurotoxin, has been widely used in various industries.

Prenatal Exposure to Heavy Metals Affects Gestational Age by Altering DNA Methylation Patterns.

Environmental exposure is known to have toxic effects. Maternal environmental exposure not only affects mothers but also their fetuses in utero, which may interrupt their early development. Preterm birth, one of the outcomes of prenatal exposure, is a significant factor in lifelong health risks.

POCT Detection of 14 Respiratory Viruses Using Multiplex RT-PCR.

Over the past 6 years, acute respiratory infections have constituted an average of more than 70,000 cases in South Korea. It results in a high mortality rate in infants and the elderly with weak immunity. There are several types of respiratory viruses that invade the human respiratory tract and cause infectious disease.

Combination Treatment of CI-994 With Etoposide Potentiates Anticancer Effects Through a Topoisomerase II-Dependent Mechanism in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT).

Purpose: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is arising typically in young children and is associated with a dismal prognosis which there is currently no curative chemotherapeutic regimen. Based on previous studies showing high histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression in AT/RT, the HDAC1 inhibitor CI-994 was used as a novel treatment strategy in this study. We assessed the anticancer effects of CI-994 and conventional drugs (etoposide, cisplatin or 4-HC) in AT/RT cells.

Intracranial juvenile xanthogranuloma in an infant.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that most commonly manifests as a solitary cutaneous lesion of the head and neck in children. Intracranial JXG is extremely rare. Although it is widely known that JXG skin lesions gradually disappear over time without treatment, treatment guidelines for intracranial JXG have not been established.

Integrated analysis of multi-omics data on epigenetic changes caused by combined exposure to environmental hazards.

Humans are easily exposed to environmentally hazardous factors in industrial sites or daily life. In addition, exposure to various substances and not just one harmful substance is common. However, research on the effects of combined exposure on humans is limited.

Extracellular vesicle-associated miR-135b and -135a regulate stemness in Group 4 medulloblastoma cells by targeting angiomotin-like 2.

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by tumours, including exosomes, are important factors that regulate cell-cell interactions in oncogenesis. Although EV studies are ongoing, the biological understanding of EV-miRNAs derived from brain tumour spheroid-forming cells (BTSCs) of medulloblastoma is poor.

Purposes: We explored the specific cellular miRNAs and EV-miRNAs in medulloblastoma BTSCs to determine their potential biological function.

Disulfiram potentiates the anticancer effect of cisplatin in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT).

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system that generally occurs in young children. Despite the use of intensive multimodal therapy for AT/RT, the prognosis is still poor. The brain tumor initiating cells in AT/RT cells has been suggested as one of the challenges in AT/RT treatment.