Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Effects on the Developing Cerebellum: A Narrative Review on Experimental Studies.

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is a common complication of gestation, but its effects on the offspring's development are poorly understood. Recently, some studies reported that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) impairs cerebellar development, and some genetic alterations have been described as consequences. Cerebellum, one of the hindbrain derived structures in the posterior cranial fossa, plays a crucial role in cognition and behavioral functions.

The Effectiveness of Glutathione Redox Status as a Possible Tumor Marker in Colorectal Cancer.

The role of oxidative stress (OS) in cancer is a matter of great interest due to the implication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their oxidation products in the initiation of tumorigenesis, its progression, and metastatic dissemination. Great efforts have been made to identify the mechanisms of ROS-induced carcinogenesis; however, the validation of OS byproducts as potential tumor markers (TMs) remains to be established. This interventional study included a total of 80 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 60 controls.

Vitamin D receptor gene and polymorphisms and its association with inflammation and oxidative stress in vitamin D sufficient Caucasian Spanish children.

Background: Vitamin D has gone from being just one vitamin to being an important prohormone with multiple effects on different tissue types. The mechanism of action of the active form or calcitriol is mediated by the intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR). The interaction of the VDR with calcitriol modulates the expression of target genes involved in cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Molecular aspects of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction: Oxidative stress, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA.

Metabolic syndrome is known as a frequent precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This disease could affect 8% of the people worldwide. Given that pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss have central roles in the initiation and progression of the disease, the understanding of cellular and molecular pathways associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction can provide more information about the underlying pathways involved in T2D.

Molecular aspects of diabetes mellitus: Resistin, microRNA, and exosome.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as one of important common endocrine disorders which could due to deregulation of a variety of cellular and molecular pathways. A large numbers studies indicated that various pathogenesis events including mutation, serin phosphorylation, and increasing/decreasing expression of many genes could contribute to initiation and progression of DM. Insulin resistance is one of important factors which could play critical roles in DM pathogenesis.

Resistin: insulin resistance to malignancy.

Adipose tissue is recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes bioactive substances known as adipokines. Excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction lead to dysregulated adipokine production that can contribute to the development of obesity-related co-morbidities. Among the various adipokines, resistin, which was initially considered as a determinant of the emergence of insulin resistance in obesity, has appeared as an important link between obesity and inflammatory processes.

Plasma resistin levels are associated with homocysteine, endothelial activation, and nitrosative stress in obese youths.

Objective: To evaluate whether serum resistin levels are related to cardiovascular risk in obese children.

Design And Methods: Cross-sectional study of 110 children (40 normal weight and 70 severely obese). Clinical and biochemical parameters, including lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin, and homocysteine, were determined.

Vitamin D status is linked to biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial activation in obese children.

Objective: To examine vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and serum calcium-phosphorus levels relationships to biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and endothelial activation, potential contributors for vascular complications in obese children.

Study Design: Cross-sectional clinical study of 66 obese Caucasian children aged 7 to 14 years. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed.

Oxidant mechanisms in childhood obesity: the link between inflammation and oxidative stress.

Evidence of obesity-induced oxidative stress in adults has emerged in the past several years, and similar evidence has been demonstrated in children more recently. The reactive species of oxygen or nitrogen can chemically alter all major classes of biomolecules by modifying their structure and function. Organisms have developed mechanisms to protect biomolecules from the deleterious effects of free radicals.

Polyamines are increased in obese children and are related to markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress and angiogenesis.

Context: Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are polycationic amines derived from arginine, which is the precursor of nitric oxide (NO). Due to the close relationship between the metabolism of polyamines and NO metabolism, the alteration in polyamine homeostasis can affect the NO bioavailability at the endothelium.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that childhood obesity is associated with a significant modification of blood polyamines and to investigate the presence of correlation between these molecules, circulating markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.

Nitric oxide production is increased in severely obese children and related to markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) is the major endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate NO synthesis and metabolism in severely obese children with different degrees of metabolic risk and to ascertain their relation with the parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Methods: The study involved 60 obese children evaluated with respect to metabolic risk factors (MRFs) (32<4 MRFs and 28 ≥ 4 MRFs) and 50 normal weight children between 7 and 14 years of age.