Technological Aspects of Chemoenzymatic Epoxidation of Fatty Acids, Fatty Acid Esters and Vegetable Oils: A Review.

The general subject of the review is analysis of the effect of technological parameters on the chemoenzymatic epoxidation processes of vegetable oils, fatty acids and alkyl esters of fatty acids. The technological parameters considered include temperature, concentration, amount of hydrogen peroxide relative to the number of unsaturated bonds, the amounts of enzyme catalysts, presence of solvent and amount of free fatty acids. Also chemical reactions accompanying the technological processes are discussed together with different technological options and significance of the products obtained.

Kinetic study of the phase-transfer catalytic epoxidation of 1,4-bis(allyloxy)butane.

The epoxidation of 1,4-bis(allyloxy)butane (DiBan) with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the presence of o-phosphoric acid and sodium tungstate as an epoxidation catalyst was carried out in an organic solvent/aqueous solution two-phase medium. A few different phase-transfer catalysts were used in the process. The effect of the stirring speed, nature of solvent, the type of PT catalyst and molar ratio of H(2)O(2):DiBan, DiBan:Na(2)WO(4):H(3)PO(4) on the DiBan conversion as the function of time was studied.

Epoxidation of allyl alcohol over mesoporous Ti-MCM-41 catalyst.

Epoxidation of allyl alcohol with 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide over Ti-MCM-41 catalyst under atmospheric pressure and in the presence of methanol as a solvent has been studied. The influence of the following parameters: temperature (20-60 degrees C), the molar ratio of AA/H(2)O(2) (0.5-5), methanol concentration (5-90 wt%), catalyst concentration (0.

Epoxidation of 1-butene-3-ol over titanium silicalite TS-2 catalyst under autogenic pressure.

Epoxidation of 1-butene-3-ol (1B3O) with 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide over TS-2 catalyst has been studied with methanol as a solvent and at elevated pressure (autogenic). The influence of temperature in the range of 20-120 degrees C, the molar ratio of 1B3O/H(2)O(2) 1:1-5:1, methanol concentration 5-90 wt%, TS-2 catalyst concentration 0.1-5.

Special applications of fluorinated organic compounds.

The applications of fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) as finishing agent for fabrics, components of extinguishing agents, electroplating bathes, lubricating oils, oxygen carriers in blood substitutes have been discussed. Recent achievements in methods of the fluorination and general principles of the synthesis of useful perfluorinated organic compounds are given as well.

Adsorption dynamics of chlorinated hydrocarbons from multi-component aqueous solution onto activated carbon.

The results and a numerical simulation of studies on dynamics of the adsorption from seven-component aqueous solution of light chlorinated hydrocarbons on activated carbon have been presented. Aqueous solution of 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCE), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (S-TET), chloroform (CHCl(3)), carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), 1,1-dichloroethene (VDC), perchloroethene (PER) and 1,1,2-trichloroethene (TRI) was used. Concentrations of chlorohydrocarbons were similar as in wastewater from vinyl chloride plant.

Ammonolysis of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane.

Technological parameters of the ammonolysis of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane to (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane have been determined. Influence of temperature, reaction time and the molar ratio of ammonia to (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane has been examined. Influence of the parameters has been described using the following factors describing the process: the degree of conversion of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane and the selectivity of transformation to (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane in relation to consumed (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane.

Fixed-bed adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons from multicomponent aqueous solution onto activated carbon: equilibrium column model.

The results of studies on the adsorption dynamics of light chlorinated hydrocarbons, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethene, perchloroethylene and 1,1,2-trichloroethene, from a seven-component solution on to activated carbon are presented. The experimental results were described using the equilibrium model. The application of this model allows to determine the location of the midpoint of the breakthrough profile.

Kinetics of adsorption of hydrocarbon chloro-derivatives from seven-component aqueous solution onto a thin layer of DTO-activated carbon.

The mass transfer and effective intraparticle diffusion coefficients were determined in the adsorption process of 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethene, perchloroethene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethene from seven-component aqueous solution onto a thin layer of activated carbon. A modified constant-volume method was used in the studies. A correlation between similarity numbers in the form of Sh=2+1.

Desorption of chloroorganic compounds from a bed of activated carbon.

The desorption of 1,2-dichloroethane from a bed of DTO activated carbon after adsorption from aqueous solution has been investigated. The desorption process was carried out using steam. The basic characteristics of the process were determined.

The influence of the solvent on the epoxidation of cis,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to trans-1,2-epoxy-cis,trans-5,9-cyclododecadiene by catalytic system tert-butyl hydroperoxide/Mo(CO)6.

The epoxidation of cis,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to trans-1,2-epoxy- cis,trans-5,9-cyclododecadiene with the use of commercial solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in various organic solvents: tert-butyl peroxide, isooctane, decane, and nonane was investigated. The process was investigated in different experimental conditions. The best results were achieved with the application of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in isooctane.

Thermal decomposition of methylene-4,4'-di(ethylphenyl-carbamate) to methylene-4,4'-di(phenylisocyanate).

During thermal decomposition of methylene-4,4'-di(ethylphenylcarbamate) (MDU), methylene-4,4'-di(phenylisocyanate) (MDI) appears to be the main product, provided that the ethanol formed in the reaction is carried away. Polycarbodiimides are the main by-products along with small amounts of 4,4'-di(aminophenyl)methane and its derivatives. Under the reaction conditions used in these studies, the latter compound together with its derivatives, reacts both with MDI and MDU.

Technological parameters of the ammonolysis of waste 1,2-dichloropropane.

The ammonolysis of waste 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) using liquid ammonia has been investigated. The influence of temperature, molar ratio of NH3/1,2-dichloropropane and reaction time was examined. The highest yield of the synthesis was achieved at a temperature of 140 degrees C, for the reaction time of 3 h and the molar ratio of NH3/1,2-dichloropropane as 20:1.

Adsorption from aqueous solutions of chlorinated organic compounds onto activated carbons.

The adsorption capacities of five chlorinated organic compounds, chloroform (CHCl3), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (S-TET), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene (PER), 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP), and bis(1-chloroisopropyl) ether (BCIPE) for DTO, WD-EXTRA, and AG-5 activated carbons were investigated. Moreover, the effective molecular diameters of investigated chlorocompounds were calculated. The Freundlich and Langmuir equations of adsorption isotherms describe the experimental data with good correlation for each studied system.