Effect of Salinity on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Mechanistic Study.

Fluid-fluid interactions can affect any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method, including nanofluid (NF) brine-water flooding. Flooding with NFs changes wettability and lowers oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Preparation and modification affect the nanoparticle (NP) performance.