Treatment of Pulp Mill D-Stage Bleaching Effluent Using a Pilot-Scale Electrocoagulation System.

A pilot-scale study was conducted using electrocoagulation technology to treat chlorine dioxide bleaching-stage effluent of a local pulp mill, with the purpose of evaluating the treatment performance. The operating variables were the current density (0 ~ 133.3 A/m(2)) and hydraulic retention time (HRT, 6.

Composition, in vitro Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of the Flower Essential Oil of Diospyros discolor from Taiwan.

This study investigated the chemical composition, in vitro cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil isolated from the flower of Diospyros discolor from Taiwan. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-eight compounds were identified, representing 100% of the oil.

Chemical composition and anti-mildew activities of essential oils from different parts of Michelia compressa var.formosana.

In this study, anti-mildew activities of the essential oils of the leaves, wood, twigs, flowers, and their constituents from Michelia comnpressa var. formosana were evaluated in vitro against 7 mildew fungi. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew activities were isolated and identified.

The composition, anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf and fruit oils of Juniperus formosana from Taiwan.

In this study, anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf and fruits essential oil and its constituents from Juniperus formosana were evaluated in vitro against seven mildew fungi and four wood decay fungi, respectively. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities were also identified. The essential oil from the fresh leaves and fruits of J.

Composition and in vitro anticancer activities of the leaf essential oil of Neolitsea variabillima from Taiwan.

This study investigated the chemical composition and in vitro anticancer activities of the essential oil isolated from the leaf of Neolitsea variabillima. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. Sixty-seven compounds were identified, representing 100% of the oil.

Composition, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities in vitro of the heartwood essential oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata var. konishii from Taiwan.

This study investigated the chemical composition, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities in vitro of the essential oil isolated from the heartwood of Cunninghamia lanceolata var. konishii from Taiwan. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS.

Composition and antipathogenic activities of the twig essential oil of Chamaecyparis formosensis from Taiwan.

In this study, antipathogenic activities of the twig essential oil and its constituents from Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum were evaluated in vitro against six plant pathogenic fungi. The essential oil from the fresh twigs was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-five compounds were identified, representing 98.

Application of power plant flue gas in a photobioreactor to grow Spirulina algae, and a bioactivity analysis of the algal water-soluble polysaccharides.

A novel photobioreactor was developed with a total volume of 30 m(3) which required merely 100 m(3) of land footprint. The bioreactor was capable of utilizing CO(2) in the flue gas of a power plant as the carbon source for the growth of a freshwater alga, Spirulina platensis, mitigating the greenhouse effect caused by the same amount of CO(2) discharge. Results of the study indicated that the photobioreactor was capable of fixing 2,234 kg of CO(2) per annum.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf and twig oils of Litsea acutivena from Taiwan.

The chemical composition, and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaves and twigs of Litsea acutivena of Taiwan were investigated. The essential oils from the fresh leaves and twigs were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. Ninety-five and fifty-two compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively.

Composition and antifungal activities of the leaf essential oil of Neolitsea parvigemma from Taiwan.

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Neolitsea parvigemma was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Sixty-two compounds were identified, the main components being beta-caryophyllene (14.2%), beta-eudesmol (12.

Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and twig essential oils of Litsea akoensis from Taiwan.

This study analyzed the hydrodistilled essential oils in the leaves and twigs of Litsea akoensis to determine composition and yield. Seventy-one and 40 compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively. The main components of leaf oil were limonene (18.

Composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus kusanoi from Taiwan.

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Machilus kusanoi was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Twenty-three compounds were identified, the main components being beta-caryophyllene (23.3%), beta-eudesmol (17.

Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the seed essential oil of Calocedrus formosana from Taiwan.

The hydrodistillated seed essential oil of Calocedrus formosana was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Twenty-seven compounds were identified, the main ones being alpha-pinene (63.8%), totarol (9.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf and twig oils of Litsea mushaensis and L. linii from Taiwan.

The hydrodistilled essential oils of the leaves and twigs of Litsea mushaensis and L. linii were analyzed. Sixty-nine and ninety compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively, of L.

Composition and antifungal activities of the leaf essential oil of Litsea coreana from Taiwan.

The hydrodistilled leaf essential oil of Litsea coreana was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Fifty-two compounds were identified, the main components being n-decanal (27.5%), 2E,6E-farnesol (25.

Osthole regulates inflammatory mediator expression through modulating NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C, and reactive oxygen species.

Osthole, a coumarin compound, has been reported to exhibit various biological activities; however the cellular mechanism of its immune modulating activity has not yet been fully addressed. In this study we isolated osthole from the seeds of Cnidium monnieri and demonstrated that osthole inhibited TNF-α, NO and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, without reducing the expression of IL-6. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of p38, JNK1/2, PKC-α and PKC-ε induced by LPS was inhibited by osthole; however, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKC-δ was not reduced by osthole.

Composition and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf essential oils of Machilus pseudolongifolia from Taiwan.

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Machilus pseudolongifolia was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Seventy compounds were identified, the main components being beta-eudesmol (26.8%), alpha-cadinol (20.

Compositions and in vitro anticancer activities of the leaf and fruit oils of Litsea cubeba from Taiwan.

The leaf and fruit essential oils of Litsea cubeba, extracted by hydrodistillation, were assessed for anticancer activities. A total of 53 and 50 compounds were identified, respectively from the leaf and fruit oils, and their yields were 13.9 +/- 0.

Composition and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus philippinensis from Taiwan.

The hydrodistilled leaf essential oil of Machilus philippinensis was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Seventy compounds were identified, the main ones being beta-caryophyllene (13.6%), alpha-pinene (12.

Anti-inflammatory bioactivities of honokiol through inhibition of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the NF-kappaB pathway to reduce LPS-induced TNFalpha and NO expression.

Much recent research has demonstrated that honokiol, a phenolic compound originally isolated from Magnolia officinalis, has potent anticancer activities; however, the detailed molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity has not yet been fully addressed. In this study we demonstrated that honokiol inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in macrophages, without affecting the activity of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme. At the same time, honokiol not only inhibited nitric oxide expression in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages but also inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Litsea kostermansii from Taiwan.

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Litsea kostermansii was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Seventy-three compounds were identified, the main components being beta-eudesmol (22.5%), gamma-eudesmol (18.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Litsea nakaii from Taiwan.

The leaf essential oil of Litsea nakaii was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Fifty-five compounds were identified, the main components being alpha-humulene (15.5%), delta-cadinene (9.