Interchromosomal linkage disequilibrium and linked fitness cost loci associated with selection for herbicide resistance.

The adaptation of weeds to herbicide is both a significant problem in agriculture and a model of rapid adaptation. However, significant gaps remain in our knowledge of resistance controlled by many loci and the evolutionary factors that influence the maintenance of resistance. Here, using herbicide-resistant populations of the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), we perform a multilevel analysis of the genome and transcriptome to uncover putative loci involved in nontarget-site herbicide resistance (NTSR) and to examine evolutionary forces underlying the maintenance of resistance in natural populations.

Quality matters. A commentary on: Pollen limitation and xenia effects in a cultivated mass-flowering tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae).

This article comments on: Stephen J. Trueman, Wiebke Kämper, Joel Nichols, Steven M. Ogbourne, David Hawkes, Trent Peters, Shahla Hosseini Bai and Helen M.

Adaptive and maladaptive expression plasticity underlying herbicide resistance in an agricultural weed.

Plastic phenotypic responses to environmental change are common, yet we lack a clear understanding of the fitness consequences of these plastic responses. Here, we use the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory () as a model for understanding the relative importance of adaptive and maladaptive gene expression responses to herbicide. Specifically, we compare leaf gene expression changes caused by herbicide to the expression changes that evolve in response to artificial selection for herbicide resistance.

Enumerating Active Sites on Metal Nanoparticles: Understanding the Size Dependence of Cobalt Particles for CO Dissociation.

Detailed understanding of structure sensitivity, a central theme in heterogeneous catalysis, is important to guide the synthesis of improved catalysts. Progress is hampered by our inability to accurately enumerate specific active sites on ubiquitous metal nanoparticle catalysts. We employ herein atomistic simulations based on a force field trained with quantum-chemical data to sample the shape of cobalt particles as a function of their size.

Parallel and nonparallel genomic responses contribute to herbicide resistance in Ipomoea purpurea, a common agricultural weed.

The repeated evolution of herbicide resistance has been cited as an example of genetic parallelism, wherein separate species or genetic lineages utilize the same genetic solution in response to selection. However, most studies that investigate the genetic basis of herbicide resistance examine the potential for changes in the protein targeted by the herbicide rather than considering genome-wide changes. We used a population genomics screen and targeted exome re-sequencing to uncover the potential genetic basis of glyphosate resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, and to determine if genetic parallelism underlies the repeated evolution of resistance across replicate resistant populations.

Microsatellite markers for (Orchidaceae) species in New Zealand.

Premise Of The Study: Microsatellite markers were developed for New Zealand species of (Orchidaceae) to investigate population genetics and species delimitation.

Methods And Results: From sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Illumina MiSeq), we developed 22 microsatellite markers for . The di- and trinucleotide repeat loci were initially trialed on individuals representing seven taxa (.

The relative contribution of natural landscapes and human-mediated factors on the connectivity of a noxious invasive weed.

Examining how the landscape may influence gene flow is at the forefront of understanding population differentiation and adaptation. Such understanding is crucial in light of ongoing environmental changes and the elevated risk of ecosystems alteration. In particular, knowledge of how humans may influence population structure is imperative to allow for informed decisions in management and conservation as well as to gain a better understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the interplay between gene flow, genetic drift, and selection.

Test of a workforce development intervention to expand opioid use disorder treatment pharmacotherapy prescribers: protocol for a cluster randomized trial.

Background: Overdoses due to non-medical use of prescription opioids and other opiates have become the leading cause of accidental deaths in the USA. Buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone are key evidence-based pharmacotherapies available to addiction treatment providers to address opioid use disorder (OUD) and prevent overdose deaths. Treatment organizations' efforts to provide these pharmacotherapies have, however, been stymied by limited success in recruiting providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) to prescribe these medications.

Not all weeds are created equal: A database approach uncovers differences in the sexual system of native and introduced weeds.

Weedy species provide excellent opportunities to examine the process of successful colonization of novel environments. Despite the influence of the sexual system on a variety of processes from reproduction to genetic structure, how the sexual system of species influences weediness has received only limited consideration. We examined the hypothesis that weedy plants have an increased likelihood of being self-compatible compared with nonweedy plants; this hypothesis is derived from Baker's law, which states that species that can reproduce uniparentally are more likely to successfully establish in a new habitat where mates are lacking.

Bed rest for pressure ulcer healing in wheelchair users.

Background: Pressure ulcers, which are localised injury to the skin or underlying tissue, or both, occur when people are unable to reposition themselves to relieve pressure on bony prominences. Pressure ulcers are often difficult to heal, painful, and impact negatively on the individual's quality of life. International guidelines suggest bed rest as a component of the treatment strategy to manage pressure ulcers among wheelchair users.

Fitness costs of herbicide resistance across natural populations of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea.

Although fitness costs associated with plant defensive traits are widely expected, they are not universally detected, calling into question their generality. Here, we examine the potential for life-history trade-offs associated with herbicide resistance by examining seed germination, root growth, and above-ground growth across 43 naturally occurring populations of Ipomoea purpurea that vary in their resistance to RoundUp®, the most commonly used herbicide worldwide. We find evidence for life-history trade-offs associated with all three traits; highly resistant populations had lower germination, shorter roots, and smaller above-ground size.

Pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention practices: a cross-sectional comparative survey in Norway and Ireland.

Objective: This study explored whether the risk assessment method, structured versus clinical judgment, influences pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence or prevention strategies.

Method: A cross section survey design was employed with use of a pre-designed data collection instrument. Following ethical approval and consent, data was gathered from two acute care settings, one in Norway (clinical judgment) and one in Ireland (structured risk assessment using the Maelor Score).

The compounding effects of high pollen limitation, selfing rates and inbreeding depression leave a New Zealand tree with few viable offspring.

Background And Aims: Interactions between species are especially sensitive to environmental changes. The interaction between plants and pollinators is of particular interest given the potential current global decline in pollinators. Reduced pollinator services can be compensated for in some plant species by self-pollination.

Frequency-dependent pollinator discrimination acts against female plants in the gynodioecious Geranium maculatum.

Background And Aims: Gynodioecy, the co-occurrence of female and hermaphroditic individuals, is thought to be an intermediate step between hermaphroditism and separate sexes, a major transition in flowering plants. Because retaining females in a population requires that they have increased seed fitness (to compensate for the lack of pollen fitness), factors that affect seed fitness are of great importance to the evolution of this mating system and have often been studied. However, factors negatively affecting female fitness are equally important and have been largely neglected.

Sophora microphylla (Fabaceae) microsatellite markers and their utility across the genus.

Premise Of The Study: Genus-specific microsatellite markers were developed for Sophora for population genetic and systematic studies of the group in New Zealand, and potentially elsewhere in the geographic range. •

Methods And Results: From sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Roche 454), we identified and developed 29 polymorphic microsatellite markers for S. microphylla and S.

Microsatellite markers for the New Zealand endemic tree Fuchsia excorticata (Onagraceae).

Premise Of The Study: Microsatellite markers were developed from a New Zealand endemic understory tree, Fuchsia excorticata, to investigate factors affecting the mating system. •

Methods And Results: Using 454 pyrosequencing, 48 microsatellite markers were developed and tested for polymorphism within populations. Twelve of these microsatellite loci were identified as being polymorphic within at least three populations and consistently amplified in the four populations tested.

Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: what difference does a risk scale make? A comparison between Norway and Ireland.

Objective: To explore similarities and differences in nurses' views on risk assessment practices and preventive care activities in a context where patients' risk of developing pressure ulcers is assessed using clinical judgment (Norway) and a context where patients' risk of developing pressure ulcers is assessed using a formal structured risk assessment combined with clinical judgement (Ireland).

Method: A descriptive, qualitative design was employed across two different care settings with a total of 14 health care workers, nine from Norway and five from Ireland.

Results: Regardless of whether risk assessment was undertaken using clinical judgment or formal structured risk assessment, identified risk factors, at risk patients and appropriate preventive initiatives discussed by participant were similar across care settings.

Mating system contributes only slightly to female maintenance in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae).

Gynodioecy, the co-occurrence of female and hermaphroditic individuals within a population, is an important intermediate in the evolution of separate sexes. The first step, female maintenance, requires females to have higher seed fitness compared with hermaphrodites. A common mechanism thought to increase relative female fitness is inbreeding depression avoidance, the magnitude of which depends on hermaphroditic selfing rates and the strength of inbreeding depression.

A review of PU prevalence and incidence across Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland (Part I).

Objective: To provide a critical appraisal and synthesis of the published literature pertaining to pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence, incidence and prevention practices from the context of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.

Method: An integrative research review following Cooper's five stages. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals, involving any study design, but specifically exploring PU prevalence or incidence in adults or children, in any care setting, were included.

A review of PU risk assessment and prevention in Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland (part II).

Objective: To provide a critical appraisal of nurses risk assessment and pressure ulcer (PU) preventive practices across Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.

Method: An integrative research review following Cooper's five stages. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals, involving any study design, but specifically exploring PU risk assessment or preventative practices, in any care setting, were included.

Effects of environmental heterogeneity on the distribution of sexes within and among populations in a gynodioecious species, Geranium maculatum.

Populations containing both females and hermaphrodites (dimorphic) are generally found in drier sites than those with only hermaphrodites (monomorphic). The sex-differential plasticity hypothesis (SDP) suggests that this is caused by hermaphrodites reducing allocation to seeds in harsh environments, allowing female establishment. We proposed that a similar process could explain sex distribution within populations.

Evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p15 in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: The goal of this study was to identify chromosomal regions likely to contain susceptibility loci for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Methods: We conducted a genome-wide linkage scan, with average marker spacing less than 10 centimorgans (cM), in 121 subjects from 26 families ascertained through probands with early-onset OCD. Best estimate lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were based on semistructured interviews and all other available sources of information.

Hyperfine spectrum of RbCl.

The molecular beam electric resonance technique has been used to conduct a high precision examination of the hyperfine spectrum of the four isotopomers of RbCl. Coupling constants for the nuclear electric quadrupole interactions, the spin-rotation interactions, the tensor and scalar spin-spin interactions, and a rubidium nuclear octupole interaction, and their dependence on vibrational and rotational states have been determined. The dominant interaction, the rubidium nuclear electric quadrupole interaction, shows a small shift with substitution of the chlorine isotope.

Videoconferencing-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent, chronic and disabling anxiety disorder. Despite the efficacy and strength of pharmacologic interventions for OCD, medications are not always well accepted or effective, making an efficacious psychosocial alternative especially attractive. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been established as an effective treatment for adult OCD, yet access to such treatment is limited, especially in rural areas.