Nanoparticle Characterisation of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Cuprum metallicum and Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Controls.

Background:  Homeopathy is controversial due to its use of very highly diluted medicines (high potencies/dynamisations).

Methods:  We used a multi-technology approach to examine dilutions of two commonly used homeopathic medicines: an insoluble metal, and a soluble plant tincture, , for the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of original substance. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared, according to the European pharmacopoeia standards.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance characterization of traditional homeopathically manufactured copper (Cuprum metallicum) and plant (Gelsemium sempervirens) medicines and controls.

Background: NMR proton relaxation is sensitive to the dynamics of the water molecule HO, through the interaction of the spin of the proton (H) with external magnetic and electromagnetic fields.

Methods: We measured dilution and potentization processes through measurements of H spin-lattice T and spin-spin T relaxation times. In order to interpret the recorded fluctuations in T- or T-values, experimental data were linearized by investigating how the area under a fluctuating time = f(dilution) curve (dilution integral or DI) changes with dilution.