Assessing the "healthy immigrant effect" in mental health: Intra- and inter-cohort trends in mood and/or anxiety disorders.

Background: The healthy immigrant effect implies that, at the time of immigration, new immigrants are typically healthier than the Canadian-born population. Furthermore, this health advantage fades the longer cohorts of immigrants remain in the host country.

Methods: Most studies assessing the healthy immigrant effect rely on strong, untestable assumptions to extract unique effects for length of stay (LOS) (i.

Bounding Analyses of Age-Period-Cohort Effects.

For more than a century, researchers from a wide range of disciplines have sought to estimate the unique contributions of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on a variety of outcomes. A key obstacle to these efforts is the linear dependence among the three time scales. Various methods have been proposed to address this issue, but they have suffered from either ad hoc assumptions or extreme sensitivity to small differences in model specification.