Genome Sequencing and Assembly of Enterotoxigenic E9034A: Role of LngA, CstH, and FliC in Intestinal Cell Colonization and the Release of the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-8.

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) produces two types of enterotoxins, LTs and STs, as well as several colonization factors (CFs), including CS21, CS3 fimbriae, and flagellar structures. This study investigated how these structures contribute to ETEC colonization and the immune response in HT-29 and HuTu-80 intestinal cells. ETEC strains with single, double, and triple mutations in the , , and genes were generated and confirmed using PCR and Western blotting.

Cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Mexican children harbor different cdt types causing CDT-induced epithelial pathological phenotypes.

Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs), encoded by cdtABC genes, have DNase activity leading to cellular and nuclear distention, resulting in actin remodeling, irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of target cells. PCR cdt-positive Escherichia coli strains have been isolated from children with diarrhea worldwide. However, toxin production and biological activity of cdt strains are rarely confirmed.

Differential virome composition and richness between children's diarrheagenic stools kept at ultra-low temperatures for long-term.

Introduction: Diarrhoeal illness is the second cause of morbidity/mortality among children from less-developed regions worldwide. Nonetheless, there is scarce information regarding their gut microbiome.

Aim: Microbiome characterization, with an emphasis on the virome, of children's stools with diarrhoea, by a commercial microbiome array.

Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Strains from Pasteurized Cheeses and Unpasteurized Cream Sold at Traditional Open Markets in Mexico City.

Abstract: Fresh cheeses and cream are important garnishes of traditional Mexican food, often purchased at street or itinerant open markets or tianguis. However, there is scarce information regarding the microbiological quality of cheeses and cream sold in tianguis. For 2 years, three dairy stalls from three tianguis in Mexico City were visited once each season, trading practices were registered, and 96 dairy products were purchased.

Bacteriostatic effect of Echeveria extracts on diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes and non-cytotoxicity on human Caco-2 cells.

Introduction: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes are important aetiological agents of diarrhoeal illness among children from less developed areas, worldwide. Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes strains are increasingly becoming drug resistant, thus effective and accessible therapeutic alternatives are required for their treatment; herbal extracts may be a potential alternative.

New Insights Into DAEC and EAEC Pathogenesis and Phylogeny.

Diarrheagenic can be separated into six distinct pathotypes, with enteroaggregative (EAEC) and diffusely-adherent (DAEC) among the least characterized. To gain additional insights into these two pathotypes we performed whole genome sequencing of ten DAEC, nine EAEC strains, isolated from Mexican children with diarrhea, and one EAEC plus one commensal strains isolated from an adult with diarrhea and a healthy child, respectively. These genome sequences were compared to 85 genomes available in public databases.

Entamoeba histolytica Interaction with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Increases Parasite Virulence and Inflammation in Amebiasis.

Epidemiological studies suggest frequent association of enteropathogenic bacteria with during symptomatic infection. In this study, we sought to determine if the interaction with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or nonpathogenic (strain DH5α) could modify the virulence of to cause disease in animal models of amebiasis. studies showed a 2-fold increase in CaCo2 monolayer destruction when interacted with EPEC but not with DH5α for 2.

Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia albertii Strain Mex-12/320a, Isolated from an Infant with Diarrhea and Harboring Virulence Genes Associated with Diarrheagenic Strains of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

is an emerging human enteropathogen. We report the draft genome sequence of strain Mex-12/320a, isolated from an infant with diarrhea. The presence of the pathogenic island O122/IE6 and the gene, previously found in diarrheagenic enteropathogenic strains, suggests that may cause acute diarrhea.

Common Polymorphisms Linked to Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease in Europeans and Asians are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican Mestizos.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major problem of public health in Mexico. We investigated the influence of five polymorphisms, previously associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease in Europeans and Asians, on T2D in Mexican Mestizos. A total of 1358 subjects from 30 to 85 years old were genotyped for five loci: rs501120; rs1333049; rs2259816; rs9939609; and rs7799039.

Shared and organism-specific host responses to childhood diarrheal diseases revealed by whole blood transcript profiling.

Globally, diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of death in children under five and disproportionately affect children in developing countries. Children who contract diarrheal diseases are rarely screened to identify the etiologic agent due to time and cost considerations associated with pathogen-specific screening and hence pathogen-directed therapy is uncommon. The development of biomarkers to rapidly identify underlying pathogens could improve treatment options and clinical outcomes in childhood diarrheal diseases.

Serum uric acid levels are associated with homeostasis model assessment in obese nondiabetic patients: HOMA and uric acid.

Background: Hyperuricemia leads to insulin resistance, whereas insulin resistance decreases renal excretion of uric acid. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a correlation between serum uric acid levels with homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) 1 in nondiabetic patients.

Methods: We evaluated 88 nondiabetic patients, in whom uric acid levels were measured, in all of them HOMA of β-cell function (HOMA 1B) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA 1IR) scores were performed.

Cytolethal distending toxin-producing strains causing severe diarrhoea in young Mexican children.

Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs), encoded by genes, have DNase activity leading to cellular and nuclear distension, resulting in irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of target cells. -positive strains have been isolated from children with diarrhoea. There is, however, scant information on the prevalence and clinical presentation of diarrhoeal disease caused by these strains.

Mexican unpasteurised fresh cheeses are contaminated with Salmonella spp., non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli and potential uropathogenic E. coli strains: A public health risk.

Fresh cheeses are a main garnish of Mexican food. Consumption of artisanal fresh cheeses is very common and most of them are made from unpasteurised cow milk. A total of 52 fresh unpasteurised cheeses of five different types were purchased from a variety of suppliers from Tabasco, Mexico.

CD40 Ligand Deficient C57BL/6 Mouse Is a Potential Surrogate Model of Human X-Linked Hyper IgM (X-HIGM) Syndrome for Characterizing Immune Responses against Pathogens.

Individuals with X-HIGM syndrome fail to express functional CD40 ligand; consequently they cannot mount effective protective antibody responses against pathogenic bacteria. We evaluated, compared, and characterized the humoral immune response of wild type (WT) and C57-CD40L deficient (C57-CD40L(-/-)) mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Basal serum isotype levels were similar for IgM and IgG3 among mice, while total IgG and IgG2b concentrations were significantly lower in C57-CD40L(-/-) mice compared with WT.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli carrying supplementary virulence genes are an important cause of moderate to severe diarrhoeal disease in Mexico.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) cause acute and persistent diarrhoea worldwide, but little is known about their epidemiology in Mexico. We determined the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in 831 children with acute diarrhoea over a four-year period in Yucatan, Mexico. Six DEC supplementary virulence genes (SVG), mainly associated with enteroaggregative E.

: A Highly Virulent and Elusive Pathogen.

Despite a significant decrease in -related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. and infections are predominant in resource-limited settings.

Enteroaggregative : A Pathogen Bridging the North and South.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a heterogeneous emerging enteric pathogen. Identified during the 1980's when EAEC strains where isolated from cases of acute and persistent diarrhea among infants from developing countries and of traveler's diarrhea. Subsequently, EAEC strains were linked with foodborne outbreaks and diarrhea illness in adults and children from industrialized countries, HIV-infected subjects and stunting of malnourished poor children.

Occurrence of potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria in Mexican household potable water: a pilot study.

Background: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental opportunistic pathogens found in natural and human-engineered waters, including drinking water distribution systems and household plumbing. This pilot study examined the frequency of occurrence of NTM in household potable water samples in Mexico City. Potable water samples were collected from the "main house faucet" and kitchen faucet.

Incidence, clinical presentation, and antimicrobial resistance trends in Salmonella and Shigella infections from children in Yucatan, Mexico.

Background: Salmonella and Shigella cause significant morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Increased antimicrobial resistance results in greater burden of disease.

Materials And Methods: From 2005 to 2011, Salmonella and Shigella isolates collected from ill children at a major hospital in Yucatan, Mexico, were subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and agar dilution.

Persistent bloody diarrhoea without fever associated with diffusely adherent Escherichia coli in a young child.

Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) is thought to cause diarrhoea in children, and so too are other diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC); however, the evidence base is inconclusive. DEC pathotypes are differentiated on the basis of their pathogenic features, and thus cannot be quickly identified on selective culture media.

C57-CD40 ligand deficient mice: a potential model for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (H10407) colonization.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans, calves and pigs. In humans, these infections mainly occur in developing countries leading to a high diarrheal morbidity and infant mortality and to travellers' diarrhea. ETEC strains constitute a phenotypically and genetically diverse pathotype with as common characteristics the production of heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable enterotoxins (ST) as well as of one or more fimbrial colonization factors.