How are empowering leadership, self-efficacy and innovative behavior related to nurses' agency in distributed leadership in Denmark, Italy and Israel?

Aim: The purpose of the study was to introduce the concept of distributed leadership to international nursing management by conducting a cross-national investigation of its relationships with empowering nursing leadership, nurses' work self-efficacy and nurses' innovative behaviour.

Background: Distributed leadership theory suggests that when more people lead processes together, innovation will be superior to solo leadership. However, we need knowledge about how nurse managers may enhance nurses' distributed leadership agency (DLA), and whether such results are generalizable across countries.