Association of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio with obesity in a multiethnic cohort.

Background: Previous studies that reported an association of dietary Na(+) intake with metabolic syndrome were limited by the use of imprecise measures of obesity, Na(+) intake, or exclusion of multiethnic populations. The effect of dietary K(+) intake on obesity is less well described.

Objective: We hypothesized that high dietary Na(+) and low K(+), based on the ratio of urinary Na(+) to K(+) (U[Na(+)]/[K(+)]) in a first-void morning urinary sample, is independently associated with total body fat.

Dietary phosphate: what do we know about its toxicity.

Unlabelled: Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential mineral required for diverse cellular processes. Recent genetic and dietary experiments in animal models indicate that Pi may be toxic to a variety of biological processes. High dietary Pi load in such animal models resulted in an increase in oxidative stress, DNA damage that resulted in phenotypic expression of premature aging, and short life span.

Association of urinary sodium/potassium ratio with blood pressure: sex and racial differences.

Background And Objectives: Previous studies reporting an association between high BP and high sodium and low potassium intake or urinary sodium/potassium ratio (U[Na(+)]/[K(+)]) primarily included white men and did not control for cardiovascular risk factors.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: This cross-sectional study investigated the association of U[Na(+)]/[K(+)] with BP in 3303 participants using robust linear regression.

Results: Mean age was 43±10 years, 56% of participants were women, and 52% were African American.

Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management: what are the data?

Hypertension affects 29% of US adults and is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological data support contribution of several dietary and other lifestyle-related factors to the development of high blood pressure (BP). Several clinical trials investigated the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications to reduce BP.

Rhabdomyolysis: a review, with emphasis on the pediatric population.

Rhabdomyolysis is a common clinical syndrome and accounts for 7% of all cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the USA. It can result from a wide variety of disorders, such as trauma, exercise, medications and infection, but in the pediatric population, infection and inherited disorders are the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis. Approximately half of patients with rhabdomyolysis present with the triad of myalgias, weakness and dark urine.

Waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as risk factors for cardiovascular events in CKD.

Background: The role of obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly understood. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is less influenced by muscle and bone mass than body mass index (BMI). We compared WHR and BMI as risk factors for cardiac events (myocardial infarction and fatal coronary disease) in persons with CKD.

Waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and subsequent kidney disease and death.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and obesity are important public health concerns. We examined the association between anthropomorphic measures and incident CKD and mortality.

Study Design: Cohort study.

Uric acid and incident kidney disease in the community.

Uric acid may mediate aspects of the relationship between hypertension and kidney disease via renal vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension. To investigate the relationship between uric acid and subsequent reduced kidney function, limited-access data of 13,338 participants with intact kidney function in two community-based cohorts, the Atherosclerosis Risks in Communities and the Cardiovascular Health Study, were pooled. Mean baseline serum uric acid was 5.

The relationship between nontraditional risk factors and outcomes in individuals with stage 3 to 4 CKD.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Both traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular disease risk factors may contribute.

Study Design: Cohort.

The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease.

Objectives: We sought to determine the utility of the Framingham equations in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Background: The Framingham equations predict incident coronary disease. The utility of these equations is unknown in CKD.

Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it is uncertain if CVD is a risk factor for progression or development of kidney disease.

Methods: Individual patient data were pooled from 2 longitudinal, community-based, limited-access studies, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Cardiovascular Health Study. Baseline CVD was defined by stroke, angina, claudication, transient ischemic attack, coronary angioplasty or bypass, and recognized or silent myocardial infarction.