Chronic Offending and Its Relation to Homicide in a Large, Prospective Brazilian Birth Cohort.

Background: Many studies have found that a small group of chronic offenders is responsible for the majority of crimes and tend to be particularly violent. However, there is a major lack of evidence on chronic offending in low- and middle-income countries; understanding these patterns is especially important in settings with very high levels of serious violence, such as Brazil.

Aims: To identify the extent that crime is concentrated in chronic offenders and linked to violence and homicide in a Brazilian cohort.

The recent rise in homicide: An analysis of weekly mortality data, United States, 2018-2022.

Background: From 2019 to 2020, homicide showed its largest single-year increase in modern US history. While many have cited the COVID-19 pandemic or police killing of George Floyd as initiating the rise, there has been limited systematic investigation of how the timing of the increase corresponded with these key events. We investigated trends in firearm and non-firearm homicide across sociodemographic and geographic groups to clarify the timing and nature of the recent increase.

How outsourcing has contributed to England's social care crisis.

argue that growth of private provision in adult social care in England has resulted in worse care and should be rolled back

Congestion Transition on Random Walks on Graphs.

The formation of congestion on an urban road network is a key issue for the development of sustainable mobility in future smart cities. In this work, we propose a reductionist approach by studying the stationary states of a simple transport model using a random process on a graph, where each node represents a location and the link weights give the transition rates to move from one node to another, representing the mobility demand. Each node has a maximum flow rate and a maximum load capacity, and we assume that the average incoming flow equals the outgoing flow.

Life-course influences of poverty on violence and homicide: 30-year Brazilian birth cohort study.

Background: Homicide is the leading cause of death among young people in Latin America, one of the world's most violent regions. Poverty is widely considered a key cause of violence, but theories suggest different effects of poverty, depending on when it is experienced in the life-course. Longitudinal studies of violence are scarce in Latin America, and very few prospective data are available worldwide to test different life-course influences on homicide.

Examining firearm-related deaths in Mexico, 2015-2022.

Background: Globally, Mexico is one of six countries with the highest level of firearm mortality. While previous studies have examined firearm mortality in Mexico before 2015, increases in violence since then highlight the need for an updated analysis. In this study, we examined changes in firearm-related deaths in Mexico from 2015 to 2022 and described these deaths by key demographic groups, incident location, and state of occurrence.

Firearm ownership for protection in the USA, 2023: results from a nationally representative survey.

Objective: This study aims to characterise the motivations of firearm owners and examine whether firearm ownership motivations and carriage varied by state stand your ground law status.  METHODS: Using a nationally representative survey of US adults in 2023, we asked firearm owners (n=2477) about their firearm motivations and behaviours, including reason(s) for ownership.

Results: Of all firearm owners, 78.

Three enzymes governed the rise of O on Earth.

Current views of O accumulation in Earth history depict three phases: The onset of O production by ∼2.4 billion years ago; 2 billion years of stasis at ∼1 % of modern atmospheric levels; and a rising phase, starting about 500 million years ago, in which oxygen eventually reached modern values. Purely geochemical mechanisms have been proposed to account for this tripartite time course of Earth oxygenation.

Associations Between Perceived Threats and Firearm Behaviors Among U.S. Adults.

Introduction: The number of U.S. adults who own and carry a firearm for self-defense is rising.

DOT1L maintains NK cell phenotype and function for optimal tumor control.

Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are crucial in gene regulation and function, yet their role in natural killer (NK) cell biology within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains largely unknown. We demonstrate that the HMT DOT1L limits NK cell conversion to CD49a+ CD49b+ intILC1, a subset that can be observed in the TME in response to stimulation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and is correlated with impaired tumor control. Deleting Dot1l in NKp46-expressing cells reveals its pivotal role in maintaining NK cell phenotype and function.

The radical impact of oxygen on prokaryotic evolution-enzyme inhibition first, uninhibited essential biosyntheses second, aerobic respiration third.

Molecular oxygen is a stable diradical. All O-dependent enzymes employ a radical mechanism. Generated by cyanobacteria, O started accumulating on Earth 2.

Tissue-resident memory NK cells: Homing in on local effectors and regulators.

Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate effector lymphocyte population that plays an important role in controlling viral infections and tumors. Studies demonstrating that NK cells form long-lived memory populations, akin to those generated by adaptive immune cells, prompted a revaluation of the potential functions of NK cells. Recent data demonstrating that NK cells are recruited from the circulation into tissues where they form long-lived memory-like populations further emphasize that NK cells have properties that mirror those of adaptive immune cells.

IL-6-mediated endothelial injury impairs antiviral humoral immunity after bone marrow transplantation.

Endothelial function and integrity are compromised after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but how this affects immune responses broadly remains unknown. Using a preclinical model of CMV reactivation after BMT, we found compromised antiviral humoral responses induced by IL-6 signaling. IL-6 signaling in T cells maintained Th1 cells, resulting in sustained IFN-γ secretion, which promoted endothelial cell (EC) injury, loss of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) responsible for IgG recycling, and rapid IgG loss.

Unique and shared risk factors for early childhood victimisation and polyvictimisation in a Brazilian population-based birth cohort.

Background: Identifying modifiable risk factors for child victimisation and polyvictimisation (exposure to multiple types of victimisation) is critical for informing prevention efforts, yet little evidence is available in low- and middle-income countries. The authors aimed to estimate the prevalence of child victimisation and polyvictimisation, and examine unique and shared risk factors in a population-based cohort in Southern Brazil.

Methods: Lifetime child victimisation was based on maternal report when children were aged 4 years old (N∼3900) and included five types of victimisation (conventional crime, child maltreatment, peer/sibling victimisation, sexual victimisation, and witnessing/indirect victimisation) and polyvictimisation.

Involuntary closures of for-profit care homes in England by the Care Quality Commission.

Adult social care services in England are struggling, and sometimes failing, to supply the quality of care deserved by the most vulnerable people in society. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) is responsible for protecting the recipients of this crucial public service. Their strongest enforcement is the ability to cancel the registration-the legal right to operate-of a health or social care provider.

Did mitophagy follow the origin of mitochondria?

Mitophagy is the process of selective autophagy that removes superfluous and dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy was first characterized in mammalian cells and is now recognized to follow several pathways including basal forms in specific organs. Mitophagy pathways are regulated by multiple, often interconnected factors.

IKAROS and AIOLOS directly regulate AP-1 transcriptional complexes and are essential for NK cell development.

Ikaros transcription factors are essential for adaptive lymphocyte function, yet their role in innate lymphopoiesis is unknown. Using conditional genetic inactivation, we show that Ikzf1/Ikaros is essential for normal natural killer (NK) cell lymphopoiesis and IKZF1 directly represses Cish, a negative regulator of interleukin-15 receptor resulting in impaired interleukin-15 receptor signaling. Both Bcl2l11 and BIM levels, and intrinsic apoptosis were increased in Ikzf1-null NK cells, which in part accounts for NK lymphopenia as both were restored to normal levels when Ikzf1 and Bcl2l11 were co-deleted.

Sexual Violence Among Higher Education Students in the United Kingdom: Results from the Oxford Understanding Relationships, Sex, Power, Abuse and Consent Experiences Study.

Sexual violence (SV) experienced by higher education students is a prevalent public health problem. Collecting data on SV through self-report surveys in higher education institutions (HEIs) is essential for estimating the scope of the problem, the first step to adequately resourcing and implementing prevention and response programming and policies. However, in the United Kingdom, data is limited.

The phylogeny of : photosynthetic traits and deranged respiratory enzymes.

Acetobacteraceae are one of the best known and most extensively studied groups of bacteria, which nowadays encompasses a variety of taxa that are very different from the vinegar-producing species defining the family. Our paper presents the most detailed phylogeny of all current taxa classified as , for which we propose a taxonomic revision. Several of such taxa inhabit some of the most extreme environments on the planet, from the deserts of Antarctica to the Sinai desert, as well as acidic niches in volcanic sites like the one we have been studying in Patagonia.

Student- and School-Level Factors Associated With Mental Health and Well-Being in Early Adolescence.

Objective: Adolescence is a key developmental window that may determine long-term mental health. As schools may influence mental health of students, this study aimed to examine the association of school-level characteristics with students' mental health over time.

Method: Longitudinal data from a cluster randomized controlled trial comprising 8,376 students (55% female; aged 11-14 years at baseline) across 84 schools in the United Kingdom were analyzed.