VTA glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens suppress psychostimulant-seeking behavior.

Converging evidence indicates that both dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a role in psychostimulant self-administration and relapse in rodent models. Increased NAc dopamine release from ventral tegmental area (VTA) inputs is critical to psychostimulant self-administration and NAc glutamate release from prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PFC) inputs synapsing on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) is critical to reinstatement of psychostimulant-seeking after extinction. The regulation of the activity of MSNs by VTA dopamine inputs has been extensively studied, and recent findings have demonstrated that VTA glutamate neurons target the NAc medial shell.

Lateral hypothalamic glutamatergic inputs to VTA glutamatergic neurons mediate prioritization of innate defensive behavior over feeding.

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is involved in feeding behavior and defense responses by interacting with different brain structures, including the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA). Emerging evidence indicates that LH-glutamatergic neurons infrequently synapse on VTA-dopamine neurons but preferentially establish multiple synapses on VTA-glutamatergic neurons. Here, we demonstrated that LH-glutamatergic inputs to VTA promoted active avoidance, long-term aversion, and escape attempts.

[Risk factors associated with adherence to medical oncology treatment in pediatrics].

Unlabelled: In Chile, between 450 and 500 cases of cancer are diagnosed annually in children and adolescents. Treatment is financed by the state, but there are non-financial elements that could condition adherence to treatment.

Objective: to explore family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors that could affect adherence to medical treatment in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in the setting of penetrating traumatic injuries.

Background: Currently, no absolute contraindications to the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support exist. However, the presence of penetrating traumatic injuries is often considered a relative contraindication to ECMO support. In this study, we aim to assess whether penetrating traumatic injuries should be considered a contraindication to the use of ECMO support, and how to better select patients who may benefit from this therapy.

Clinical Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health problem. Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis are at a higher risk of infection and mortality than the general population. Worldwide, a vaccination campaign has been developed that has been shown to reduce severe infections and deaths in the general population.

Central diabetes insipidus: clinical profile that suggests organicity in Peruvian children: Lima - Peru 2001-2013.

Background: Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a heterogeneous disease caused by arginine vasopressin deficiency; its management implies a profound understanding of the pathophysiology and the clinical spectrum. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics that indicate organicity in children and adolescents with central diabetes insipidus treated at the Department of Endocrinology from The Child Health's Institute during 2001 to 2013.

Methods: Cross-sectional, retrospective study.

[Long-term outcomes with expanded criteria donors in kidney transplantation].

Background: Kidney transplantation of expanded criteria deceased donors (DCE) has become a common clinical practice. However, DCE outcomes are inferior compared to kidney transplants from standard criteria donors (DCS).

Aim: To evaluate intermediate and long-term outcomes of DCE transplanted patients.

[National congenital hypothyroidism screening in Peru: a broken program].

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most important cause of preventable mental retardation. The prevalence of CH varies by geographic region, race and ethnicity. In the countries of the Northern hemisphere, the prevalence has been reported as 1:4,000 live newborns.

A single center experience of abdominal wall graft rejection after combined intestinal and abdominal wall transplantation.

We report our outcomes following combined intestinal and abdominal wall transplantation, focusing on the presentation and treatment of acute rejection of the abdominal wall vascularized composite allograft (VCA). Retrospective analysis of all patients with combined intestinal/VCA transplantation was undertaken. Graft abnormalities were documented photographically and biopsies taken, with histological classification of rejection according to Banff 2007 guidelines.

Determination of dietary intake of total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and total mercury in the Chilean school meal program.

The dietary intake of total arsenic (tAs), inorganic arsenic (iAs) and total mercury (tHg) in lunch and breakfast servings provided by the Chilean School Meal Program (SMP) was estimated, using the duplicate-portion variant of the total diet study. Lunch and breakfast samples were collected from 65 schools throughout the country in 2006. The population sample was a group of girls and boys between 6 and 18 years old.

Effectiveness and cost of replacing a calcineurin inhibitor with sirolimus to slow the course of chronic kidney disease in renal allografts.

Renal grafts suffer a progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because of several factors including calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity. Switching CNIs to sirolimus may improve this adverse prognosis. We performed a prospective, open-label clinical trial among 18 kidney transplant patients with more than 12 months of evolution (range, 385-1826 days), showing progressive GFR decreases and biopsies with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA).

Everolimus versus azathioprine in a cyclosporine and ketoconazole-based immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant: 3-year follow-up of an open-label, prospective, cohort, comparative clinical trial.

In cyclosporine-based protocols, everolimus is more effective than azathioprine to reduce acute rejection. Ketoconazole may reduce cyclosporine and everolimus requirements. We compared kidney transplant patients treated with everolimus or azathioprine in a ketoconazole- and cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimen.

Cyclosporine-associated leukoencephalopathy in organ transplant recipients: experience of three clinical cases.

Leukoencephalopathy is a structural alteration of cerebral white matter mainly involving damage to myelin. Several reports have linked cyclosporine (CsA) with this alteration. The clinical features vary from qualitative alterations of consciousness to neurological deficits.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy: safe and comfortable surgical alternative for living donors and for good results of graft function.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for kidney donation from living related donors has the advantages of a less invasive surgical access, better cosmesis, and a shorter hospital stay for the donor. However, some workers have reported up to 10% life-threatening complications for the donor using this technique. The purpose of our study was to evaluate hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy for living donors of kidney transplants in terms of graft function.

Melatonin as protective agent for the cytotoxic effects of diazinon in the spermatogenesis in the earthworm Eisenia foetida.

Diazinon (D) is an organophosphorate synthetic insecticide widely used in the world. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and damages reproduction as well as other organic functions mostly by increasing lipid peroxidation. Melatonin (M) is an indolamine secreted by the pineal gland.

Parathion effects on protein synthesis in the seminiferous tubules of mice.

Agropesticides impart high risks of exposure for animals including humans. This work analysed the effect of parathion upon protein synthesis in seminiferous tubules cultured in vitro from adult male CF1 mice. They were incubated with parathion solutions (0.

Impact of pregnancy on the function of transplanted kidneys.

Introduction: This study reviewed the course of pregnancies in terms of impact on renal function and delivery-related data among women who received kidney transplants in our unit.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of women transplanted between 1982 and 2002 who became pregnant. We recorded the data of medical, obstetrical, and transplant-related complications, plasma creatinine levels, and blood pressures at baseline, delivery, and 12 months after delivery.

An unusual presentation of opioid-like syndrome in pediatric valproic acid poisoning.

We report a 3-y-o boy who accidentally poisoned himself with valproic acid (VPA). Clinical features included profound coma, depressed respiration and miosis. Treatment included naloxone, gastric lavage, and activated charcoal and a saline cathartic.

[Serum lipids and blood pressure levels in the +Mapuche population living in the Chilean region of Araucanía].

Background: Chilean aboriginal populations (Mapuche) predominantly live in the region of Araucanía, in the southern part of the country. Their cardiovascular risk factors have not been systematically assessed.

Aim: To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Mapuche population.