The Locus Coeruleus in Chronic Pain.

Pain perception is the consequence of a complex interplay between activation and inhibition. Noradrenergic pain modulation inhibits nociceptive transmission and pain perception. The main source of norepinephrine (NE) in the central nervous system is the Locus Coeruleus (LC), a small but complex cluster of cells in the pons.

Wild Ungulates Constitute the Basis of the Diet of the Iberian Wolf in a Recently Recolonized Area: Wild Boar and Roe Deer as Key Species for Its Conservation.

The Iberian wolf () is recolonizing historical distribution areas after decades of absence. As in other human-dominated landscapes, finding a balance to protect this species by favoring recolonization and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts is a challenge. Since wolves are often generalist opportunistic predators, we studied their diet composition in central Spain to evaluate the consumption of domestic ungulates and provide reliable data that could help local authorities to deal with the current wolf-cattle ranchers conflict and coexistence.

Safe and effective re-use policy for high-efficiency filtering facepiece respirators (FFRS): Experience of one hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.

The high transmissibility rate of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 facilitated an exponential growth in the number of infections, posing a tremendous threat to healthcare systems across the world. The use of Non-oil 95% efficiency (N95) respirators demonstrated to reduce the risk of virus transmission. The escalated demand in N95 respirators during 2020 generated a massive shortage worldwide which resulted in serious implications, one being an increase in healthcare providers' costs.

Proton pump inhibitors versus species: effects on susceptibility and melanin production.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on growth and melanin production by spp. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of omeprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole against spp. were determined and the effect of PPIs on melanin production was evaluated, in the presence or absence of copper sulfate or glutathione.

Malassezia pachydermatis from animals: Planktonic and biofilm antifungal susceptibility and its virulence arsenal.

The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is a component of the microbiota of dogs and cats, however it can cause otitis and seborrheic dermatitis in these animals. The objective of this study was to determine the antifungal susceptibility, and evaluate virulence and pathogenicity of 25 M. pachydermatis strains from animals.

An alternative method for the analysis of melanin production in Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato.

Melanin is an important virulence factor for several microorganisms, including Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato, thus, the assessment of melanin production and its quantification may contribute to the understanding of microbial pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to standardise an alternative method for the production and indirect quantification of melanin in C. neoformans sensu lato and C.

Crtc1 activates a transcriptional program deregulated at early Alzheimer's disease-related stages.

Cognitive decline is associated with gene expression changes in the brain, but the transcriptional mechanisms underlying memory impairments in cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate relevant mechanisms responsible for transcriptional changes underlying early memory loss in AD by examining pathological, behavioral, and transcriptomic changes in control and mutant β-amyloid precursor protein (APPSw,Ind) transgenic mice during aging. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using mouse microarrays revealed deregulation of a gene network related with neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning/memory in the hippocampus of APPSw,Ind mice after spatial memory training.

Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners?

Purpose: To quantify the impact of training-intensity distribution on 10K performance in recreational athletes.

Methods: 30 endurance runners were randomly assigned to a training program emphasizing low-intensity, sub-ventilatory-threshold (VT), polarized endurance-training distribution (PET) or a moderately high-intensity (between-thresholds) endurance-training program (BThET). Before the study, the subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine VT and respiratory-compensation threshold (RCT), which allowed training to be controlled based on heart rate during each training session over the 10-wk intervention period.

Risk factors for intracranial infection secondary to penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds in civilian practice.

Objective: To determine risk factors for intracranial infection secondary to penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds (PCGWs) in civilian practice, in patients who underwent surgery with removal of bullet fragments, wound debridement, and watertight dural closure.

Methods: An observational, analytical, prospective, cohort-type study was conducted with follow-up in a group of patients with PCGWs caused by a low-velocity projectile admitted between January 2000 and November 2010. There were 160 patients, 59 of whom were administered prophylactic antibiotics based on the decision of the treating neurosurgeon.

Effects of gradual-elastic compression stockings on running economy, kinematics, and performance in runners.

We investigated the effect of gradual-elastic compression stockings (GCSs) on running economy (RE), kinematics, and performance in endurance runners. Sixteen endurance trained athletes (age: 34.73 ± 6.

Soluble oligomers of amyloid-β peptide disrupt membrane trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor contributing to early synapse dysfunction.

β-Amyloid (Aβ), a peptide generated from the amyloid precursor protein, is widely believed to underlie the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). Emerging evidences suggest that soluble Aβ oligomers adversely affect synaptic function, leading to cognitive failure associated with AD. The Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction has been attributed to the synaptic removal of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs).

Short-term environmental enrichment rescues adult neurogenesis and memory deficits in APP(Sw,Ind) transgenic mice.

Epidemiological studies indicate that intellectual activity prevents or delays the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similarly, cognitive stimulation using environmental enrichment (EE), which increases adult neurogenesis and functional integration of newborn neurons into neural circuits of the hippocampus, protects against memory decline in transgenic mouse models of AD, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. To study the therapeutic benefits of cognitive stimulation in AD we examined the effects of EE in hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in a transgenic mouse model of AD expressing the human mutant β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP(Sw,Ind)).

beta-Amyloid disrupts activity-dependent gene transcription required for memory through the CREB coactivator CRTC1.

Activity-dependent gene expression mediating changes of synaptic efficacy is important for memory storage, but the mechanisms underlying gene transcriptional changes in age-related memory disorders are poorly understood. In this study, we report that gene transcription mediated by the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator CRTC1 is impaired in neurons and brain from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mouse expressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP(Sw,Ind)). Suppression of CRTC1-dependent gene transcription by beta-amyloid (Abeta) in response to cAMP and Ca(2+) signals is mediated by reduced calcium influx and disruption of PP2B/calcineurin-dependent CRTC1 dephosphorylation at Ser151.

Triflusal reduces dense-core plaque load, associated axonal alterations and inflammatory changes, and rescues cognition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Inflammation has been associated with the two classic lesions in the Alzheimer's (AD) brain, amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles. Recent data suggest that Triflusal, a compound with potent anti-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system in vivo, might delay the conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to a fully established clinical picture of dementia. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Triflusal on brain Abeta accumulation, neuroinflammation, axonal curvature and cognition in an AD transgenic mouse model (Tg2576).

Intraneuronal beta-amyloid accumulation in the amygdala enhances fear and anxiety in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite common emotional symptoms in AD such as anxiety and fear are associated with a more rapid cognitive decline, the pathological mechanisms involved in these behavioral changes remain largely elusive. In this study, we examined the pathological mechanisms of emotional behavior in well-established AD transgenic mice expressing human mutant beta-amyloid (Abeta) precursor protein (APP(Ind) and APP(Sw,Ind)) and tau (3xTg-AD).

Hypertonic 15% sodium pyruvate offers no initial resuscitation advantage compared with 8% hypertonic NACl in sheep with multiple hemorrhages.

Initial fluid resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock might be enhanced by the infusion of monocarboxylate-energy substrates. We evaluated hemodynamics, metabolism, and fluid dynamics for initial resuscitation of hemorrhage using small volume 15% sodium pyruvate solution (HPY) compared with osmotically matched 8% hypertonic saline (HS). Instrumented conscious sheep were hemorrhaged 25 mL/kg at time zero through 15 min (T0-T15) and 5 mL/kg for 5 min at T50 to T55 and T70 to T75.

Contribution of haemoglobin and membrane constituents modification to human erythrocyte damage promoted by peroxyl radicals of different charge and hydrophobicity.

We have investigated the influence of the free radical initiator characteristics on red blood cell lipid peroxidation, membrane protein modification, and haemoglobin oxidation. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) and 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACV) were employed as free radical sources. Both azo-compounds are water-soluble, although ACV presents a lowed hydrophilicity, evaluated from octanol/water partition constants.

Impact of intensive care management on the prognosis of tetanus. Analysis of 641 cases.

These studies show the results of intensive care management of 306 consecutive patients with tetanus compared with 335 patients treated conservatively in the same hospital before the institution of the ICU. The impact of the ICU treatment was manifested in a decrease in mortality, from 43.58 percent to 15 percent.

Tetanus in the adult: intensive care and management experience with 233 cases.

Over a period of 10 years, 233 adult patients were treated for severe tetanus in this ICU. Criteria of severity, clinical patterns, and a detailed plan of treatment are outlined. The authors emphasize that such treatment implicates the permanent availability of trained personel in handling cardiorespiratory emergencies as well as prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance in a specially designed environment (ICU).