An overview of probiotic camel milk as a nutritional beverage: Challenges and perspectives.

There are challenges such as standardization for commercialization and guaranteeing sensory characteristics in camel milk processing. This review gathers a general view of the probiotic camel milk, its contents, its health aspects, and its industrial production. One of the potential candidates of a healthy food product is "probiotic camel milk" which contains several nutritional elements including Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria and postbiotics such as endopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, numerous beneficial enzymes, short-chain fatty acids, teichoic acids, peptides, peptidoglycan-derived neuropeptides, cell surface proteins, different vitamins, plasmalogens, and different kinds of organic acids.

The role of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating of the gut-brain axis.

Pro-and prebiotics have been indicated to modulate the gut-brain axis, which have supportive impacts on central nervous systems, and decrease or control the incidence of some mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism, Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's. In this review, complex communications among microbiota, gut, and the brain, and also recent scientific findings of the impacts and possible action mechanisms of pro-and prebiotics on mental disorders have been discussed. The results have shown that pro-and prebiotics can improve the function of central nervous system and play an important role in the prevention and treatment of some brain disorders; however, in order to prove these effects conclusively and firmly and to use these compounds in a therapeutic and supportive way, more studies are needed, especially human studies/clinical trials.

The Role of Probiotics in Improving Food Safety: Inactivation of Pathogens and Biological Toxins.

Currently, many advances have been made in avoiding food contamination by numerous pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms. Many studies have shown that different probiotics, in addition to having beneficial effects on the host's health, have a very good ability to eliminate and neutralize pathogens and their toxins in foods which leads to enhanced food safety. The present review purposes to comprehensively discuss the role of probiotics in improving food safety by inactivating pathogens (bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasite agents) and neutralizing their toxins in food products.

A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health.

Oral diseases are among the most common diseases around the world that people usually suffer from during their lifetime. Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease, and the composition of oral microbiota is a critical factor in its development. Also, is considered the most important caries-causing species.