[Activation of endogenous mechanisms of sanogenesis in cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease].

Cerebrovascular diseases themselves are the second most common cause of cognitive impairment (dementia). In addition, cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) makes a significant contribution to the clinical picture of neurodegenerative diseases. Since there are currently no pharmacological treatments for CSVD, a promising method is the activation of the endogenous mechanisms of sanogenesis.

[Central sensitization and comorbid disorders in patients with coronary heart disease].

Objective: Study of central sensitization (CS), insomnia and meteosensitivity in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) admitted for a routine examination.

Material And Methods: 67 patients (29 men and 38 women), aged 50-87 years, average age 73 [67; 85] years, with chronic forms of coronary heart disease were examined. The examination included the Russian version of the central sensitization inventory (CSI); assessment of meteosensitivity using a visual analogue scale (VAS); questionnaire for semi-quantitative assessment of subjective sleep characteristics (ASHS).

[Effectiveness of Anvifen in the treatment of insomnia in elderly patients].

Objective: Purpose of the study to determine the effectiveness of Anvifen in the case of insomnia and meteosensitivity as comorbid stress-induced disorders.

Material And Methods: 67 patients aged 60-70 years were examined, who were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 - 33 patients (20 men, 13 women), group 2 - 34 patients (19 men, 15 women). The average age of group 1 was 62.

[Vasculitis as a cause of stroke].

The review considers the clinical picture, key aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of vasculitis that are the causes of strokes (giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, varicella zoster virus vasculopathy, cerebrovascular pathology caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, primary CNS angiitis, adenosine deaminase-2 deficiency).

[Neurological aspects of connective tissue dysplasia].

Disturbances in the formation of connective tissue lead to significant pathological changes in both individual organs and tissues, and at the organismal level. The complexity of diagnostics is also connected with the fact that there is no single terminology, a single view of the diagnostic criteria, a single approach among doctors of different specialties. The prevalence of external phenotypic signs of connective dysplasia is quite high, which can lead to overdiagnosis.

[Efficacy of potassium N-acetylaminosuccinate (Cogitum) in the treatment of asthenic syndrome: results of double-blind placebo-controlled trial].

Objective: Study of the effectiveness of monotherapy with potassium N-acetylaminosuccinate (Cogitum) for asthenic syndrome (fatigue) in individuals, uncharacteristic somatic, neurological diseases, anxiety disorders, depression and other diseases that may interfere with asthenia.

Material And Methods: Patients with fatigue scores of 22 or more on the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) were randomly divided into the main group (MG) - 37 people, mean age 22 years [21; 24] and the control group (CG) - 34 people, mean age 21 years [19; 23]. The Trail Making Test (TMT-A and TMT-B), the assessment of general well-being on a visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 is the worst state of health, 10 is the state of absolute well-being, was assessed.

[The effectiveness of short and prolonged course treatment of anxiety with Anvifen].

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the treatment of anxiety disorder with Anvifen (aminophenylbutyric acid) in a short (21 days) and prolonged (60 days) course of treatment.

Material And Methods: Patients were randomly divided into two groups: a short course (21 days) of treatment with Anvifen (group 1) and a prolonged course (60 days) of treatment with Avifen (group 2). In each group, patients were divided into age subgroups: 20-40 years old (1a - =30, mean age 32 [21; 39], 2a - =30, mean age 33 [23; 38] years) and 41-70 years (1b - =30, mean age 62 [51; 67] years; 2b - =30, mean age 60 [51; 68] years).

[Anxiety in children and adolescents with primary headaches: diagnosis and treatment options].

Objective: To determine the comorbidity of primary headaches (PH) and anxiety in adolescents and the effectiveness of aminophenylbutyric acid (Anvifen) in the treatment of anxiety (750 mg per day for 21 days).

Material And Methods: Group 1 - «episodic PH» (up to 15 days with headaches per month for 12 months) - 84 patients (mean age 15.5±1.

[Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19].

The literature reports that cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) develops in 1-1.5% of patients with COVID-19. Recently, a new syndrome named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has been described.

[Effectiveness of the anxiolytic Anvifen in the treatment of post-COVID brain fog].

Objective: To determine the significance of anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders in patients with post-covid brain fog, to determine the effectiveness of the GABAergic nootropic drug with an anxiolytic effect - Anvifen.

Material And Methods: 92 post-COVID-19 patients with no organic brain damage who complain of brain fog 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Group 1 (=40; 43.

[Cerebral venous thrombosis].

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is one of the rare causes of stroke. It can manifest itself in different symptoms, making its timely diagnostics greatly complicated. Early recognition of symptoms and correct treatment tactics improve the prognosis in these patients.

Neuroinflammation and Neuropathology.

This review addresses the current understanding of the role of autoimmune neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases of the nervous system. The mechanisms of responses of resident CNS cells (glial cells, astrocytes) and peripheral immune system cells are presented. The therapeutic potentials of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which have antiaggregant properties and can suppress autoimmune inflammation, are discussed.

[Psychometric validation of the Russian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in adolescents (14-17 years old)].

Objective: To validate a Russian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) in adolescents (14-17 years old).

Material And Methods: The study included adolescents aged 14-17 years. Group 1 (=69) - frequent episodic and chronic tension type headache; group 2 (=63) - chronic myogenic neck pain; group 3 (=61) - infrequent episodic tension type headache; group 4 (=67) - adolescents without pain during the last 6 months.

[Diabetic encephalopathy: current insights and potential therapeutic strategies].

Objective: To study the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on cognitive functions in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) and thick fiber polyneuropathy.

Material And Methods: The MoCA test was used to assess cognitive functions, and vibrometry («Somedic» vibrometer) was used to assess the function of thick fibers. Patients in group 1 (=37) received alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in a dose of 600 mg per day for 16 weeks, patients in group 2 (=41) started taking ALA 8 weeks after the start of the study.

[Neuroinflammation and neuropathology].

The review highlights the current understanding of the role of autoimmune neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases of the nervous system. The mechanisms of the response of the resident cells of the central nervous system (microglia, astrocytes) and peripheral cells of the immune system are considered. Possible therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which have antiplatelet properties and the ability to suppress autoimmune inflammation, are outlined.

[Failed back surgery syndrome: the role of central sensitization and treatment approaches].

Objective: To study a role of central sensitization (CS) in patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) after decompression of the lumbar and/or sacral roots.

Material And Methods: The study included three groups of patients: 1) early FBSS (e-FBSS, =23), pain after surgery decreased, but continued to significantly bother the patient, or recurred in the first 6 months after surgery; 2) middle FBSS (m-FBSS, =42), pain after surgery completely stopped, but recurred within 6-12 months; 3) late FBSS (l-FBSS, =31), if pain relapse occurred more than 12 months later. Neurological status assessment, study of muscle trigger zones (MTZ), postoperative scar trigger zones (TZS), pain assessment according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), CS assessment according to the Russian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) were performed.

[Genetics of epilepsy: successes, problems and development prospects].

The authors present a detailed review of current advances in the field of genetics of epilepsy. Separately, new views on the etiology and pathogenesis of genetic epileptic encephalopathies, focal epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsies are examined. The authors emphasize the importance of genetic discoveries for the clinical practice, including the prospects in the development of patients' personalized treatment.

[Central Sensitization Inventory - a Russian version].

Objective: To develop and validate a Russian version of The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-R).

Material And Methods: The study included 3 stages: 1) direct and reverse translation, linguistic validation of the questionnaire; 2) assessment of internal consistency, reliability and sensitivity (=50); 3) psychometric validation in the samples of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (=40), chronic widespread pain (=40), regional chronic low back pain without other specific pain complaints (=40), and in the control sample of informants with no pain complaints (=40).

Results And Conclusion: The Russian version of CSI-R is valid, reliable and can be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool for revealing central sensitization.

[Stress-induced disorders].

The review analyses the diseases and conditions caused by acute and chronic stress. The authors describe the pathogenesis of stress-induced disorders from the perspective of imbalance between stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems). The effects of acute and chronic stress on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems, the contribution of stress to the pathogenesis of skin diseases, the gastrointestinal tract, post-stroke disorders, headaches, and dizziness are considered.

[Cerebral small vessel disease and silent cerebrovascular diseases: modern standards of diagnosis, prevention, treatment prospects].

The review presents modern clinical and radiological criteria for cerebral small vessel disease and silent cerebrovascular diseases. The authors discuss the STRIVE criteria, ideas about the pathogenesis, morphological changes and proposed options for the prevention of disease progression. As a drug of choice, the authors recommend vinpocetine (cavinton), which has the ability to influence many parts of the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease.

[Modern achievements in genetic studies of idiopathic generalized epilepsies].

The review presents modern data on the genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Identified genes encode different structures of neurons, including voltage-dependent channels, receptors of neurotransmitters, protein-associated ion channels and synaptic proteins. The authors describe already identified genes, which are a causative factor of idiopathic generalized epilepsies and discuss further prospects of using molecular genetic studies.

[Cerebral insulin resistance: current concepts of the pathogenesis and possible therapeutic strategies].

The review presents current concepts about the problem of cerebral insulin resistance (IR). It has now been established that cerebral IR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of degenerative and metabolic diseases of the brain. Based on literature data and own clinical experience, the authors recommend to use the standardized extract of ginkgo biloba EGb761 as a cellular protector, which increases insulin sensitivity of cells and reduces atherogenesis, in order to improve cognitive functions and quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus.

[Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness].

Aim: To study persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) in outpatients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and patients with presbiataxia (PAt).

Material And Methods: Eighty-four patients with PPPD, including 14 with Meniere's disease (MD), 19 with BPPV, 17 with a history of ischemic stroke (IS) in the vertebrobasilar system and 34 with Pat, were examined. For the diagnosis of anxiety, the original 15-point questionnaire with the Likert Scale structure was used.

[Moyamoya disease].

Moya-moya is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by the progressive occlusion of cerebral vessels with partial switching off the circle of Willis and arteries that feed it. The article provides a review of literature, modern diagnostic criteria and a description of a single clinical case. The onset of the disease in this patient was characterized by headache and speech disorders.

[Tension type headache: GABA-ergic drug anvifen efficacy].

Objective: To assess the efficacy of aminophenylbutyric acid (anvifen), a synthetic GABA-receptor agonist, in the treatment of adult patients with tension type headache (TTH).

Material And Methods: Eighty-seven patients with episodic TTH (ETTH) and 30 patients with chronic TTH (CTTH) were examined. The area under the headache curve, sleep quality, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores and stress resistance measured by an original questionnaire were evaluated.