Tracheobronchitis in Noncritically Ill Children With Tracheostomy: Can Quantitative Tracheal Cultures Assist in the Management?

Background And Objectives: Bacteria in tracheal aspirate samples from children with tracheostomy can indicate infection or colonization. Our study aimed to determine whether bacterial counts > 10 or > 10 CFU (colony forming units)/mL are more frequently associated with tracheobronchitis. Additionally, we aimed to examine the association between bacterial count and variables distinguishing colonization from infection in tracheobronchitis, along with clinical severity indicators.

Ceftazidime-Avibactam Use in a Case Series of Difficult-to-Treat or Recurrent Infections in Pediatric Patients with Complex Chronic Conditions: Effectiveness and Absence of Resistance Development.

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains, has become a significant global health concern. Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, data on its efficacy and safety in children are scarce, necessitating further investigation.

Pneumonia in Children With Complex Chronic Conditions With Tracheostomy: An Emerging Challenge.

Background: Despite respiratory infections being a leading cause of hospitalization in children with tracheostomy tubes, there are no published guidelines for their diagnosis and management. This study aims to outline the clinical, laboratory and microbiological aspects of pneumonia in these children, along with the antibiotics used and outcomes. Additionally, it seeks to determine pneumonia incidence and associated risk factors.

Antibiotic resistance in bloodstream isolates from high-complexity paediatric units in Madrid, Spain: 2013-2021.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a significant challenge in high-complexity healthcare settings.

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of AMR in bloodstream isolates from high-complexity paediatric units in Spain over a nine-year period.

Methods: A retrospective observational multicentre study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals, analysing bloodstream isolates from patients aged <18 years admitted to the paediatric intensive care, neonatology, and oncology-haematology units between 2013 and 2021.

Intestinal loads of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase genes in critically ill pediatric patients.

Introduction: Intestinal colonization by Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) can pose a threat on the health of critically ill patients. The extent of colonization by these organisms is related to previous antibiotic treatments and their ability to cause infections among adult patients. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the intestinal Relative Loads (RLs) of selected antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic consumption and extra-intestinal spread among critically ill pediatric patients.

Duration of antibiotic therapy among paediatricians: A national survey of current clinical practice in Spain.

Objectives: Appropriate duration of antibiotic treatment is a key principle to reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance and antibiotic harm. The aim of this study was to document current clinical practice among Spanish paediatricians in terms of the duration of antibiotic therapy in both inpatient and outpatient settings, mapping the difference between practice and guidelines, and thus identifying opportunities to improve practice.

Methods: A national exploratory work survey was distributed in 2020 as a questionnaire about seven main infectious syndromes in children: genitourinary; skin and soft tissue; osteoarticular; ear, nose and throat; pneumonia; central nervous system; and bacteraemia.

Increased risk of group B streptococcal sepsis and meningitis in HIV-exposed uninfected infants in a high-income country.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study is to compare group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection incidence in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HU) infants in a Spanish cohort. We conducted a retrospective study in 5 hospitals in Madrid (Spain). Infants ≤ 90 days of life with a GBS infection were included from January 2008 to December 2017.

Intestinal Dominance by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Pediatric Liver Transplant Patients.

Pediatric liver transplantation (PLTx) is commonly associated with extensive antibiotic treatments that can produce gut microbiome alterations and open the way to dominance by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). In this study, the relationship between intestinal Relative Loads (RLs) of β-lactamase genes, antibiotic consumption, microbiome disruption, and the extraintestinal dissemination of MDROs among PLTx patients is investigated. 28 PLTx patients were included, from whom 169 rectal swabs were collected.

Pregnancy Outcomes Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Women in Spain.

Background: An increasing number of women living with perinatally acquired HIV are reaching adulthood and becoming pregnant. Achieving viral suppression is challenging in this population frequently exposed to numerous antiretroviral regimens. This study describes the long-term outcomes of pregnant women living with perinatally acquired HIV in Spain.

Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of a Cohort of HIV-Infected Mother-Infant Pairs During 21 Years.

Background: HIV infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. After the introduction of effective preventive measures, perinatal transmission dramatically decreased. Our aim was to assess the sociodemographic changes in pregnant women living with HIV infection and trends in perinatal transmission rates over time.

Nutritional Supplementation to Increase Influenza Vaccine Response in Children Living With HIV: A Pilot Clinical Trial.

Aims: Vaccine response is poor among children living with HIV. The gut microbiota has been identified as a potential target to improve vaccine immunogenicity, but data are scarce in the context of HIV infection.

Methods: Pilot, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in which 24 HIV-infected children were randomized to receive a mixture of symbiotics, omega-3/6 fatty acids, and amino acids or placebo for 4 weeks, each in combination with ART, and were then immunized against influenza.

[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, is more prevalent in our country in newborns exposed to HIV?].

Objective: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) has been considered more prevalent among HIV-exposed children during pregnancy. Spanish national guidelines recommend the cCMV screening in these newborns. Nowadays, pregnant women have a better control of HIV infection compared to previous decades.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents Living With HIV in Madrid.

Multicenter study designed to describe epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive cases registered among children and adolescents living with HIV (CALWH). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 13.3% of CALWH, with all patients presenting mild symptoms, and the outcome was good in all patients.

Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria colonisation in children with chronic complex conditions.

To assess drug-resistant bacterial colonisation rates and associated risk factors in children with complex chronic conditions admitted to a national reference unit in Spain. Cross-sectional study that included all children admitted to our unit from September 2018 to July 2019. Rectal swabs were obtained to determine multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MR-GNB) colonisation, and nasal swab to determine S.

Molecular diagnosis of bacteremia in a pediatric intensive care unit: a step forward.

T2Bacteria Panel detects six ESKAPE pathogens in around 3.5 h directly in whole blood. Our aim was to compare T2Bacteria with simultaneous blood culture in critically ill children with suspected bloodstream infection.

Safety and Experience With Combined Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Newborn at High-risk of Perinatal HIV Infection, in a Cohort of Mother Living With HIV-infant Pairs.

Background: Perinatal transmission of HIV has dramatically decreased in high-income countries in the last few years with current rates below 1%, but it still occurs in high-risk situations, mainly pregnant women with late diagnosis of infection, poor antiretroviral adherence and a high viral load (VL). In these high-risk situations, many providers recommend combined neonatal prophylaxis (CNP). Our aim was to evaluate the safety and toxicity of CNP in infants deemed at high-risk of HIV infection among mother-infant pairs in the Madrid Cohort.

Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing the nostrils of Spanish children.

Objective: To characterize the Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing healthy Spanish children.

Methods: Between March and July 2018, 1876 Spanish children younger than 14 years attending primary healthcare centers were recruited from rural and urban areas. Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the anterior nostrils was analyzed.

Lower nasopharyngeal viral loads in pediatric population. The missing piece to understand SARS-CoV-2 infection in children?

SARS-CoV-2 virus infects children but, contrary to other respiratory viruses, children tend to be asymptomatic or to have less symptoms than adults and are rarely the index case in household transmission chains. The aim of this study was to compare the relative viral loads in nasopharyngeal samples from children aged 0 to 17 years with those of an adult population. We selected 126 positive nasopharyngeal samples from children.

High Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Family Transmission in Children of Healthcare Workers During the First Pandemic Wave in Madrid, Spain: Serologic Study.

Background: Data on SARS-CoV-2 transmission among children living with healthcare workers (HCWs) are scarce.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at a tertiary Hospital in Madrid, including children of HCW who suffered from SARS-CoV-2 infection between March and May 2020. Children underwent enzyme-linked immunosorbent serological study for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: VIRCELL IgG assay.