New therapeutics for the prevention or amelioration of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a narrative review of the preclinical literature.

Ethanol consumption during pregnancy induces enduring detrimental effects in the offspring, manifesting as a spectrum of symptoms collectively termed as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Presently, there is a scarcity of treatments for FASD. To analyze current literature, emphasizing evidence derived from preclinical models, that could potentially inform therapeutic interventions for FASD.

Emerging Perspectives in Zinc Transporter Research in Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review.

Dysregulation of zinc and zinc transporters families has been associated with the genesis and progression of prostate cancer. The prostate epithelium utilizes two types of zinc transporters, the ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-related Protein) and the ZnTs (Zinc Transporter), to transport zinc from the blood plasma to the gland lumen. ZIP transporters uptake zinc from extracellular space and organelle lumen, while ZnT transporters release zinc outside the cells or to organelle lumen.

Alginate Oligosaccharides Protect Gastric Epithelial Cells against Oxidative Stress Damage through Induction of the Nrf2 Pathway.

Gastric diseases represent a significant global public health challenge, characterized by molecular dysregulation in redox homeostasis and heightened oxidative stress. Although prior preclinical studies have demonstrated the cytoprotective antioxidant effects of alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs) through the Nrf2 pathway, whether such mechanisms apply to gastric diseases remains unclear. In this study, we used the GES-1 gastric cell line exposed to hydrogen peroxide (HO) as a damage model to investigate the impact of AOS on cell viability and its associated mechanisms.

Seed Extracts Trigger an Early Apoptosis Response and Selective Anticlonogenic Activity against the Human Gastric Carcinoma Cell Line SNU-1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antiproliferative, apoptotic and diminishing effects of the anchored growth-independent capacity of an ethanol macerate extract from the seed (EMCHS) in the human gastric cancer cell line SNU-1. The cells treated with EMCHS (20 μg/mL) significantly reduced the capacity to form clones of the tumor cell. Moreover, 50 μg/mL of EMCHS extract induced apoptosis, as was shown by the Annexin-V assay.

Differential Distribution and Activity Profile of Acylpeptide Hydrolase in the Rat Seminiferous Epithelium.

Acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) is a serine protease involved in amino acid recycling from acylated peptides (exopeptidase activity) and degradation of oxidized proteins (endoproteinase activity). This enzyme is inhibited by dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphate compound used as an insecticide. The role of APEH in spermatogenesis has not been established; therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the distribution and activity profile of APEH during this process.

Ultrasound and high hydrostatic pressure extractions on antioxidant capacity, antiproliferative and apoptosis effects in gastric cancer cells by lemon extract treatment.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of lemon extracts (LE) against human gastric cancer cells (SNU-1) and normal human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1), and their mechanism of inducing cellular death. LE was obtained by three extraction methods: conventional (CE), ultrasound (UAE) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHPE). Experimental results show that the extraction method used to obtain the LE had a significant influence on antioxidant capacity, cellular proliferation, and induction of apoptosis in SNU-1 cells.

Metabolic Cost of the Immune Response During Early Ontogeny of the Scallop .

The scallop is an important resource for Chilean and Peruvian aquaculture. Seed availability from commercial hatcheries is critical due to recurrent massive mortalities associated with bacterial infections, especially during the veliger larval stage. The immune response plays a crucial role in counteracting the effects of such infections, but being energetically costly, it potentially competes with the physiological and morphological changes that occur during early development, which are equally expensive.

Purinergic P2Y2 and P2X4 Receptors Are Involved in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastatic Potential of Gastric Cancer Derived Cell Lines.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major health concern worldwide, presenting a complex pathophysiology that has hindered many therapeutic efforts so far. In this context, purinergic signaling emerges as a promising pathway for intervention due to its known role in cancer cell proliferation and migration. In this work, we explored in more detail the role of purinergic signaling in GC with several experimental approaches.

Apical CLC-2 in retinal pigment epithelium is crucial for survival of the outer retina.

Knockout of the chloride channel protein 2 (CLC-2; CLCN2) results in fast progressing blindness in mice. Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors undergo, in parallel, rapid, and profound morphological changes and degeneration. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy of the outer retina and electroretinography of the CLC-2 KO mouse demonstrated normal morphology at postnatal day 2, followed by drastic changes in RPE and photoreceptor morphology and loss of vision during the first postnatal month.

The Ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid selectively induces apoptosis in tumor-derived cells and suppress tumor growth in gastric cancer.

Despite current achievements and innovations in cancer treatment, conventional chemotherapy has several limitations, such as unsatisfactory long-term survival, cancer drug resistance and toxicity against non-tumoral cells. In the search for safer therapeutic alternatives, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has shown promising effects inhibiting tumor growth without significant side effects in several types of cancer, but in gastric cancer (GC) its effects have not been completely described. In this study, we characterized the effects of DHA in GC using in vivo and in vitro models.

-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Modulation by Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Type 2 Drives Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory Impairments in Rats Exposed Pre- and Postnatally to Ethanol.

Pre- and/or early postnatal ethanol exposure (prenatal alcohol exposure [PAE]) impairs synaptic plasticity as well as memory formation, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial memory formation in the hippocampus involve the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase type 2 (NOX2) enzyme. Previous studies have reported that -methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation increases NOX2-mediated superoxide generation, resulting in inhibition of NMDAR function, but whether NOX2 impacts NMDAR function in PAE animals leading to impaired LTP and memory formation remains unknown.

Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Misregulates Genes Involved in Iron Homeostasis Promoting a Maladaptation of Iron Dependent Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity.

Prenatal ethanol exposure (PAE) induces behavioral maladptations in offspring, including a deficit in memory formation which is part of the umbrella sign of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that iron depletion exacerbates cognitive problems in offspring exposed to ethanol and that PAE promotes dysregulation in brain iron homeostasis. However, the mechanisms underlying brain iron dysregulation and neuronal activity defects in adolescent offspring of PAE are unclear and poorly understand.

Pre- and postnatal alcohol exposure delays, in female but not in male rats, the extinction of an auditory fear conditioned memory and increases alcohol consumption.

Repeated exposure to alcohol increases retrieval of fear-conditioned memories, which facilitates, among other factors, the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with PTSD are more likely to develop alcohol and substance abuse related disorders. We assessed if prenatal and early postnatal alcohol exposure (PAE) increased the susceptibility to retain aversive memories and if this was associated with subsequent heightened alcohol consumption.

Reproduction Immunity Trade-Off in a Mollusk: Hemocyte Energy Metabolism Underlies Cellular and Molecular Immune Responses.

Immune responses, as well as reproduction, are energy-hungry processes, particularly in broadcast spawners such as scallops. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential reproduction-immunity trade-off in , a species with great economic importance for Chile and Peru. Hemocytes, key immunological cells in mollusks, were the center of this study, where we addressed for the first time the relation between reproductive stage, hemocyte metabolic energetics and their capacity to support immune responses at cellular and molecular levels.

NADPH Oxidase Isoform 2 (NOX2) Is Involved in Drug Addiction Vulnerability in Progeny Developmentally Exposed to Ethanol.

Ethanol exposure increases oxidative stress in developing organs, including the brain. Antioxidant treatment during maternal ethanol ingestion improves behavioral deficits in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). However, the impact of general antioxidant treatment in their adult offspring and the Specific Reactive Species (ROS)-dependent mechanism, are not fully understood.

Basolateral sorting of chloride channel 2 is mediated by interactions between a dileucine motif and the clathrin adaptor AP-1.

In spite of the many key cellular functions of chloride channels, the mechanisms that mediate their subcellular localization are largely unknown. ClC-2 is a ubiquitous chloride channel usually localized to the basolateral domain of epithelia that regulates cell volume, ion transport, and acid-base balance; mice knocked out for ClC-2 are blind and sterile. Previous work suggested that CLC-2 is sorted basolaterally by TIFS(812)LL, a dileucine motif in CLC-2's C-terminal domain.