Effect of Scalding Temperature on Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Formation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin during the Production of Alpine Cheese in a Laboratory Cheesemaking Model.

Abstract: To reduce the number of cheese with potential Staphylococcus aureus contamination reaching consumers, European legislation has stipulated that all cheese must be tested for coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) at the point in production when numbers are expected to be highest. When CPS counts exceed 105 CFU/mL, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) tests must be conducted. When SE tests are positive, the cheese must be destroyed.

Cheese yeasts.

Numerous traditionally aged cheeses are surface ripened and develop a biofilm, known as the cheese rind, on their surfaces. The rind of such cheeses comprises a complex community of bacterial and fungal species that are jointly responsible for the typical characteristics of the various cheese varieties. Surface ripening starts directly after brining with the rapid colonization of the cheese surface by yeasts.

Polymorphisms in the IGF1 signalling pathway including the myostatin gene are associated with left ventricular mass in male athletes.

Background: Athlete's heart as an adaptation to long-time and intensive endurance training can vary considerably between individuals. Genetic polymorphisms in the cardiological relevant insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signalling pathway seem to have an essential influence on the extent of physiological hypertrophy.

Objective: Analysis of polymorphisms in the genes of IGF1, IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and the negative regulator of the cardiac IGF1 signalling pathway, myostatin (MSTN), and their relation to left ventricular mass (LVM) of endurance athletes.

Non-invasive ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring in exercise testing.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and CO, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) determined by a non-invasive continuous wave (CW) Doppler-based system (USCOM) in healthy adolescent and adult athletes during exercise treadmill testing.

Methods: Twenty athletes were enrolled for a standardized ramp treadmill test including transthoracic echocardiography at rest, incremental breath-by-breath spiroergometry, lactate kinetics and CW Doppler.

Results: VO(2) max was 51+/-11 ml/min/kg in the adolescent cross country skiers (CI 8.