The Social Area of the Breast: An Evolution Through Cultures and Centuries.

Breasts have evolved as a functional and aesthetic unit. The perception of society toward social exposure of the breast has been extremely diverse, not only temporally through the same civilization but also among contemporary parallel societies in geographically diverse areas. This article explores the spatial and temporal evolution of the outlook toward social exposure of breast over the past 3000 years among different societies, countries, and religions.

Tailor-Made Mastopexy Plus Implant, A Safe Journey Toward Breast Reshaping and Augmentation.

Background: Augmentation/mastopexy represents one of the most complex procedures in the setting of cosmetic surgery, and there is still an ongoing debate about the most suitable approach to undertake to avoid major complications and deliver the desired result. The present study aims to offer a further contribute to the topic by presenting our personal experience with an implant-guided tailor-made mastopexy technique to manage moderate breast ptosis and hypotrophy.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of our database was carried out, and a total of 194 women who underwent a tailor-made resection pattern mastopexy plus implant from November 2016 to December 2021 were enrolled.

Synthetic Reabsorbable Mesh (GalaFLEX) as Soft Tissue Adjunct in Breast Augmentation Revision Surgery.

Background: A significant number of patients with a previous submuscular breast augmentation require a revision surgical procedure during their long-term follow-up period that involves changing the implant pocket from submuscular to subglandular. Reduced soft tissue thickness represents a major concern, discouraging surgeons from undertaking this approach.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether a synthetic resorbable mesh used as a supplemental covering device was safe and yielded improved soft tissue thickness and protection against capsular contracture in patients undergoing implant plane shift to subglandular.

Extended Clinical Experience With Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Prepectoral Polyurethane Implant Positioning (BRAND4P method).

Background: Direct-to-implant prepectoral breast reconstruction in the last years demonstrated to be a feasible and advantageous method in selected cases because it respects chest wall musculature integrity and avoids animation deformity. Current approaches involve implant wrapping with Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) or synthetic mesh to guarantee implant coverage and stability and reduce complications. Prepectoral polyurethane implant positioning without further coverage is an alternative breast reconstruction method poor described in literature.

Breast Asymmetry, Classification, and Algorithm of Treatment: Our Experience.

Background: In the literature, several classifications of breast asymmetries and treatment protocols have been proposed over time, which are mainly based on etiological or morphological characteristics of the deformity. The aim of this study was to present our new classification, based on patient's self-consciousness of breast asymmetry, a simple and reliable treatment algorithm is also presented.

Methods: The case series included 343 patients treated between January 2006 and January 2015.

Breast Reconstruction Actualized in Nipple-sparing Mastectomy and Direct-to-implant, Prepectoral Polyurethane Positioning: Early Experience and Preliminary Results.

Background: Implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy has been the most common breast reconstruction procedure performed, for both breast cancer treatment and prophylactically. Subpectoral implant placement with partial detachment of the pectoralis major muscle has been the procedure of choice for staged reconstruction and direct-to-implantation. Prepectoral implant placement has recently increased in popularity among plastic surgeons owing to the high rates of animation deformity, loss of muscle function, and chronic pain observed with submuscular implant placement.

Nipple sparing mastectomy and direct to implant breast reconstruction, validation of the safe procedure through the use of laser assisted indocyanine green fluorescent angiography.

Background: Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is a psychologically effective and oncological safe procedure followed by immediate breast reconstruction.

Methods: Between January 2015 and September 2015 the authors conducted a retrospective review of 40 patients divided into two groups depending on breast volume and weight of mastectomy: group A, 20 patients with small breast; group B, 20 patients with medium breast for nipple sparing mastectomy and direct to implant (DTI) breast reconstruction using strict patient selection and a standardized surgical technique. The nipple areola complex/flap viability were analysed intraoperatively through the use of laser assisted indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent angiography.

The Balcony Technique of Breast Augmentation and Inverted-T Mastopexy With an Inferior Dermoglandular Flap.

Background: Optimal breast augmentation-mastopexy involves a reliable technique, fast recovery, minimal complications, and aesthetic results that are excellent and enduring.

Objectives: The authors sought to determine whether the balcony technique of augmentation-mastopexy was safe and yielded satisfactory long-term outcomes in patients with breast ptosis and hypoplasia.

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of 207 patients who underwent subglandular augmentation and inverted-T mastopexy with a customized Wise keyhole resection pattern and an inferior flap.

Outcome Evaluation after 2023 Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies: Our Experience.

Background: Although quadrantectomy and lumpectomy help diminish the psychological and physical devastation inflicted, mastectomy is still elected in 20 to 30 percent of breast cancers. Although initially inciting controversy over heightened risk of local recurrences, recent studies maintain that nipple-sparing mastectomy can be used in any patient qualifying for total mastectomy and also improves aesthetic and psychologic outcomes. The manner in which mastectomy influences reconstructive implant outcomes has been documented by several groups.

Reconstruction after musculoskeletal sarcomas: how to avoid a surgical trap.

Background: Musculoskeletal sarcomas comprise 1% of all malignancies in adults. Unfortunately, sometimes they are addressed in non-appropriate way requiring a more invasive procedure to achieve radical surgery at a later date. Due to incomplete predictability of their extension, scheduled reconstruction cannot be performed at times, forcing plans to change or clogging up immediate reconstruction.

Skin-reducing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in patients with macromastia.

Introduction: In women with macromastia, a type IV skin sparing mastectomy is often required to achieve an aesthetically pleasing reconstruction. The introduction of "skin-reducing mastectomy", which inserts a permanent prosthetic device into a large pouch made by the pectoralis major muscle and an inferior pedicle dermal flap, allows the surgeon to achieve a safe oncologic result plus a cosmetically satisfying reconstruction.

Objective: We report here our experience with the skin-reducing mastectomy with the aim of emphasizing the problems associated with the technique.

Direct to implant breast reconstruction by using SERI, preliminary report.

Background: There has been a "rising tide" in mastectomy utilization that can be attributed to more skin-sparing mastectomies (SSMs) performed concurrently with immediate breast reconstruction. We report our experience of the first use of SERI Surgical Scaffold (SERI; Allergan, Inc.) in 21 cases of direct to implant (DTI) breast reconstruction after SSM.

Technique to achieve the symmetry of the new inframammary fold.

The literature outlines several surgical techniques to restore inframmammary fold definition, but symmetry of the fold is often left to irreproducible procedures. We report our personal technique to restore the symmetry of the inframmammary fold during multistep breast reconstruction.

Transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty, painless suture removal.

Despite being referred to as one of the more challenging procedures in plastic surgery, lower blepharoplasty is one of the most commonly requested and performed aesthetic procedures.Our experience, from February 2007 to March 2012, is based on 214 transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty procedures in which the skin flap was sutured by means of the epidermal-dermal U stitch, a new, simple, and reliable method. Patients were followed up for a mean period ranging from 7 to 70 months.

Nipple reconstruction using a star flap enhanced by scar tissue: the Regina Elena Cancer Institute experience.

Background: We propose a new, simple, and reliable method of nipple reconstruction using a star flap and a free graft of a linear fragment of scar tissue. The harvested fragment is deepithelialized and fixed under the flap to give the reconstruction consistency and make it steady.

Methods: The study included 218 nipple reconstructions performed between 2002 and 2008.

Phase 2 cross-over multicenter trial on the efficacy and safety of topical cyanoacrylates compared with topical silicone gel in the prevention of pathologic scars.

Background: Many clinical studies on scar therapy are reported in the literature, but only silicone gel sheeting and corticosteroid injections are supported by accurate prospective controlled studies. This prospective multicenter cross-over phase 2 study tested the effectiveness of a topical cyanoacrylate compared with silicone gel in improving postsurgical scars

Methods: Patients presenting with symmetric breast scars after augmentation or reduction mammaplasty were enrolled in the study. From the same day as stitch removal, the cyanoacrylate was applied on one side every 3 to 5 days and the silicone gel on the other side twice a day for 3 months.

Umbilical endometriosis, our experience.

Background: Endometriosis is the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Umbilical endometriosis has been reported in more than one hundred cases and the umbilicus represents the location of 0.5-1% of ectopical endometrioses.