Assessment of the Roles of Magnesium and Zinc in Clinical Disorders.

The ability and facility of magnesium (Mg2+) and zinc (Zn2+) to interact with phosphate ions confer them the characteristics of essential trace elements. Trace elements are extremely necessary for the basic nucleic acid chemistry of cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 enzymes require zinc and magnesium ions for their catalytic actions, including all the enzymes involved in the synthesis of ATP.

Cytarabine and Ferric Carboxymaltose (Fe+3) Increase Oxidative Damage and Alter Serotonergic Metabolism in Brain.

Background & Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the effect on brain biomarkers after treatment with anticancer compounds - cytarabine (CT) and ferric carboxymaltose (FC) (Fe+3) in Wistar rats.

Methods: The Wistar rats were treated as follows: group 1 (control), NaCl 0.9%; group 2, CT (25 mg/k), group 3, FC(Fe+3) (50 mg/k) and group 4, CT + FC(Fe+3).

Oseltamivir and indomethacin reduce the oxidative stress in brain and stomach of infected rats.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oseltamivir and indomethacin on lipid peroxidation (LP), GABA levels, and ATPase activity in brain and stomach of normal and infected rats (IR), as novel inflammation model. Female Sprague Dawley rats grouped five each, either in the absence or presence of a live culture of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typh), were treated as follows: group 1 (control), PBS buffer; group 2, oseltamivir (100 mg/kg); group 3, indomethacin (67 μg/rat); group 4, oseltamivir (100 mg/kg) + indomethacin (67 μg/rat).

Natural Steroids and Androgen Antagonists used as Neuroprotection in Common Neurological Disorders.

Background & Objective: Multiple classes of natural products, such as antiandrogens or steroids have been used as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory treatments in neurodegenerative diseases. This paper aims to review current knowledge on these substances and their possible relationship with free radicals as an alternative therapy and prevention of common neurological disorders. An exhaustive review of the neurochemical mechanisms of these substances in the central nervous system of humans and animal models is yet to be undertaken in the literature, particularly regarding their importance and increasing use.

Assessment of Mexican Arnica () and Rosemary () Extracts on Dopamine and Selected Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Stomach and Brain of Infected rats.

Background: The effects of some natural products on dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in brain of infected models are still unclear.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of Mexican arnica/rosemary (MAR) water extract and oseltamivir on both biogenic amines and some oxidative biomarkers in the brain and stomach of young rats under infection condition.

Methods: Female Wistar rats (weight 80 g) in the presence of MAR or absence (no-MAR) were treated as follows: group 1, buffer solution (controls); oseltamivir (100 mg/kg), group 2; culture of () (1 × 10 colony-forming units/rat) group 3; oseltamivir (100 mg/kg) + (same dose) group 4.

Mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy induced by oxidative stress.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main complications in patients with diabetes and has been the leading cause of visual loss since 1990. Oxidative stress is a biological process resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process contributes to the development of many diseases and disease complications.

Assessment of the effects of oseltamivir and indomethacin on dopamine, 5-HIAA, and some oxidative stress markers in stomach and brain of Salmonella typhimurium-infected rats.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of oseltamivir and indomethacin on dopamine and 5-HIAA levels and some oxidative biomarkers in brain and stomach of young rats in conditions of infection.

Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats in absence or presence of a live culture of Salmonella typhimurium (S.Typh), were treated as follows: PBS, group 1 (control); oseltamivir (100 mg/kg), group 2; indomethacin (67 µg/kg) group 3; oseltamivir (100 mg/kg) + indomethacin (67 µg/kg), group 4.

Oleic Acid Protects Against Oxidative Stress Exacerbated by Cytarabine and Doxorubicin in Rat Brain.

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of doxorubicin and cytarabine on biogenic amines and oxidative biomarkers in the brain of rats treated with oleic acid.

Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats distributed in 6 groups, were treated as follows: group 1 (control), NaCl 0.9%; group 2 doxorubicin (1mg/kg); group 3 cytarabine (70mg /kg); group 4 oleic acid (1500μl/kg); group 5 doxorubicin + oleic acid; group 6 cytarabine + oleic acid.

Moieties in antidiabetic drugs as a target of insulin receptors in association with common neurological disorders.

Insulin is a peptide that can be harmful with regards to neuroplasticity, neuroprotection and neuromodulation. Furthermore, the role of insulin highlights its relevance in the progress of diverse clinical disorders as well as in the mechanisms associated with certain pathogenesis and their evolution towards diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases. The precise molecular mechanisms by which these diseases are induced remain to be elucidated.

Effect of two antiandrogens as protectors of prostate and brain in a Huntington's animal model.

The purpose of this work is to know the effect of flutamide and a novel synthetic steroid 3β-p-Iodobenzoyloxypregnan-4,16- diene-6,20-dione (IBP) on the levels of dopamine, 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid), and some oxidative stress markers in animal model with Huntington disease. Thirty male Wistar rats divided in groups of 6 animals each were subjected to the following treatment: group A, 3-nitro propionic acid (3-NPA, as inducer of Huntington); group B, flutamide; group C, 3-NPA + flutamide; group D, IBP; and group E, 3-NPA + IBP. Treatment scheme for all groups were at 4 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally.

Assessment of a synthetic steroid and flutamide on dopamine, GSH and H2O2 levels in rat brain in presence of fructose.

Unlabelled: Flutamide is a drug used in the treatment of androgen-dependent disorders. However, this treatment is usually accompanied by some adverse side effects. The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of flutamide and to compare this effect with that of a synthetic steroid - 3β-propionyloxy-5-androsten-17-one (PPA) - on levels of dopamine and some oxidative stress markers.

Effect of sibutramine on 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels and selected oxidative biomarkers on brain regions of female rats in the presence of zinc.

A number of drugs, like sibutramine, which are used clinically in weight control, act on serotonergic metabolism. However, their relation with zinc and free radical (FR) production in central nervous system remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sibutramine and zinc on FR production.

Effect of oseltamivir on catecholamines and select oxidative stress markers in the presence of oligoelements in the rat brain.

The effect that osteltamivir has on the metabolism of catecholamines and oxidative damage in the brains of young patients remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of oseltamivir, in the presence of oligoelements, on biogenic amines and select oxidative biomarkers in the brains of uninfected, young rats under normal conditions. The study was conducted using male Wistar rats intraperitoneally treated for three days with either a control dose of 0.

Effects of marijuana and diazepam on lipid peroxidation, Na+ , K+ ATPase, and levels of glutathione and 5-HTP in rat brain.

Our aim was to evaluate the effects of marijuana (Mar) and diazepam (Dz) on lipid peroxidation (TBARS), Na + , K + ATP ase activity, levels of glutathione (GSH) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Male Wistar rats were given a single dose per group: extract of Mar (100 microL/kg), Dz (5 mg/kg), Mar plus Dz, and NaCl for control. Sixty mins after treatment, animals were sacrificed, and their brains extracted and homogenised to measure GSH, TBARS and 5-HTP levels.

Cerebrolysin and morphine decrease glutathione and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels in fasted rat brain.

Purpose: The aim was to evaluate if morphine sulphate combined with cerebrolysin enhances the risk of oxidative damage in the presence of moderate hypoglycaemia.

Methods: Wistar rats under starvation for 48h received a single dose of 215 mg/kg cerebrolysin or 4 mg/kg morphine sulphate. Glutathione (GSH) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were measured in brain tissue, as well as lipid peroxidation, Na(+)-K(+) ATPase and total ATPase enzymatic activities, by fluorescence and spectrophotometric methods.

Assessment of oxidative damage induced by acute doses of morphine sulfate in postnatal and adult rat brain.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the oxidative damage in rats of different ages. Weaned rats of 25 g and adults of 300 g were used in groups of 6, a single i.p.

Effect of testosterone and steroids homologues on indolamines and lipid peroxidation in rat brain.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 4-pregnen-17-hydroxy-3-one (A) and two steroids homologues: 3beta-acetoxy-5,16-pregnadien-20-one (B) and 3beta-acetoxy-16alpha-17alpha-epoxy-4-pregnen-20-one (C). Male Wistar rats were treated with o-cresol combined (A, B or C) steroids. Lipid peroxidation status as result of measurement reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) as well as serotonin (5-HT) and its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were measured.

Comparative effect of cyanamide and sodium nitroprusside on indolamine and lipid peroxidation levels in rat brain.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cyanamide (CNM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), serotonin (5-HT), tryptophan (Trp), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels in rat brain. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (350 g) were used, divided in 3 groups of 8 animals each. Control group I received 0.

Antioxidant effects of selenium in rat brain and the stimulating role of nitric oxide.

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant effect of selenium on Na+, K(+)-ATPase in rat brain in the presence of nitric oxide.

Methods: Male Wistar rats (70 g) were treated as follows: group 1 received 1 microg of i.p.