Physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of MS-222 in koi (Cyprinus carpio).

Objective: To evaluate the physiological effect and response to noxious stimulation at five concentrations of MS-222 in koi (Cyprinus carpio).

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Animals: Twenty-one healthy adult unknown sex koi fish weighing mean 450±SD 120 g.