Mpox and the impact on people with HIV.

Purpose Of Review: This review explores the intersection of Mpox and HIV, highlighting clinical manifestations, immune evasion mechanisms, epidemiological challenges, and prevention strategies. People with HIV (PWH), particularly those with low CD4+ cell count, face severe Mpox outcomes. Prevention relies on education, vaccination, and early detection.

Association Between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in (), , and Genes with Severe Symptoms in Children Presenting COVID-19.

The global number of COVID-19 deaths has reached 7 million, with 4% of these deaths occurring in children and adolescents. In Brazil, around 1500 children up to 11 years old died from the disease. The most common symptoms in children are respiratory, potentially progressing to severe illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and MIS-C.

Geographic Distribution of Vaccinia Virus, Diagnosis and Demographic Aspects of Affected Populations, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2000-2023.

Since its first report in Brazil in 1999, outbreaks of exanthematous diseases caused by vaccinia virus (VACV) have been a recurring concern, particularly impacting rural regions. Minas Gerais (MG) State, Brazil, has emerged as the epicenter of bovine vaccinia (BV) outbreaks. This study presents a comprehensive overview of VACV circulation in MG State over the past two decades, examining the occurrence and distribution of poxvirus cases and outbreaks and the demographic characteristics of affected populations.

Differential diagnosis of exanthematous viruses during the 2022 Mpox outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Unlabelled: The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak, primarily endemic to Africa, has spread globally, with Brazil reporting the second-highest number of cases. The emergence of MPXV in non-endemic areas has raised concerns, particularly due to the co-circulation of other exanthematous viruses such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). To perform an accurate differential diagnosis of MPXV during the ongoing outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil, a 5PLEX qPCR assay targeting orthopoxviruses (OPV), VZV, and MOCV was used to retrospectively analyze all clinical samples that tested negative for MPXV in the initial screening conducted at Funed.

Impact of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and TLR Signaling Proteins in Trigeminal Ganglia Impairing Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Progression to Encephalitis: Insights from Mouse Models.

(HSV-1) or is a neurotropic virus that is responsible for orofacial infections in humans. More than 70% of the world's population may have seropositivity for HSV-1, and this virus is a leading cause of sporadic lethal encephalitis in humans. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in defending against HSV-1 infection has been explored, including the consequences of lacking these receptors or other proteins in the TLR pathway.

Aminopyrimidine Derivatives as Multiflavivirus Antiviral Compounds Identified from a Consensus Virtual Screening Approach.

Around three billion people are at risk of infection by the dengue virus (DENV) and potentially other flaviviruses. Worldwide outbreaks of DENV, Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV), the lack of antiviral drugs, and limitations on vaccine usage emphasize the need for novel antiviral research. Here, we propose a consensus virtual screening approach to discover potential protease inhibitors (NS3) against different flavivirus.

Dengue virus 3 genotype I (GI) lineage 1 (L1) isolates elicit differential cytopathic effect with syncytium formation in human glioblastoma cells (U251).

Background: Dengue virus (DENV) is a Flaviviridae member classified into four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV 1, 2, 3, and 4) and further subdivided genotypes. DENV3 is subdivided into four or five genotypes, depending on the classification adopted. Despite their high genetic proximity, as revealed by phylogenetic complete polyprotein analysis, DENV3 MG-20 and DENV3 PV_BR showed different neurovirulence in mice models.

Maldi-Tof-Ms Identified Rhodococcus Hoagie Bacteraemia In An Immunocompromised Patient.

Rhodococcus hoagie, previously referred to as R. equi, is a Gram-positive intracellular coccobacillus that belongs to the Nocardiaceae family. This multi-host pathogen causes infections in farm animals, particularly foals, but also in immunosuppressed patients, mainly individuals treated with high doses of corticosteroids, subjected to organ transplant, or infected with human immunodeficiency virus Objectives of the study are to report a bloodstream infection in an immunocompromised patient.

Low prevalence of anti-Orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies in an urban population of Brazil.

Since 1999, Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been described as a causative agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that occurs mainly in rural areas of Brazil. However, the circulation of VACV in urban environments and its associated burden has been poorly explored. Moreover, the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak has raised questions regarding the immune status of the worldwide population previous vaccinated against smallpox.

The neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway is highly activated in the central nervous system of patients with pneumococcal meningitis.

Background: Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) causes excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAr), leading to cortical and hippocampal neuron death. As opposite, enteroviral meningitis is more frequently benign. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the major catabolic route of tryptophan (TRP) and some of its metabolites are agonists or antagonists of NMDAr.

Neuro-COVID-19 With or Without the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): A Single-Center Study : COVID-19: Neurologic Manifestations in Children.

This study evaluates the range of neurological manifestation in children with COVID-19 (neuro-COVID-19) both with and without the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and the persistence of symptoms after hospital discharge. The study was conducted as a prospective study of children and adolescents under 18 years of age who were admitted to a children's hospital for infectious diseases from January 2021 to January 2022. The children had no previous neurological or psychiatric disorders.

Cardiac manifestations in children with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

According to the World Health Organisation, as of October 2022, there have been 55,560,329 reported cases of SARS-COV-2 in patients under 19 years old. It is estimated that about 0.06% of these patients may develop MIS-C, representing more than 2 million children worldwide.

Ultrastructural analysis of monkeypox virus replication in Vero cells.

In early May 2022, the first worldwide monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak was reported, with different clinical aspects from previously studied human monkeypox infections. Despite monkeypox medical importance, much of its biological aspects remain to be further investigated. In the present work, we evaluated ultrastructural aspects of MPXV asynchronous infections in Vero cells by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Mosquito vector competence for dengue is modulated by insect-specific viruses.

Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors that affect transmission of arboviruses from mosquitoes to humans is a priority because it could inform public health and targeted interventions.

Children with sickle cell disease and severe COVID-19 presenting single nucleotide polymorphisms in innate immune response genes - A case report.

Here we report three clinical cases of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and severe COVID-19 who evolved with complications during hospitalization or after discharge. They present single nucleotide polymorphisms in and genes, identified from 37 patients under 16 years old hospitalized from September 2020 to May 2021 in the Hospital João Paulo II, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. They presented significant complications of SCD as acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, and pain crisis during hospitalization or up to 2 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Virological Surveillance of Aedes aegypti Vectors Identifies All Four Dengue Serotypes in a Hyperendemic Region.

Dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 is the etiological agent of dengue, the most important viral infection transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes to humans. Our goal was to identify the circulating DENV in Aedes aegypti collected in an area of Brazil where all four DENV serotypes had already been detected in humans, understand the epidemiology better, and to test the vector as a virological surveillance tool. Twenty-eight larvae pools and 174 females of Aedes aegypti were screened by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and semi-nested PCR assays.

Searching for plant-derived antivirals against dengue virus and Zika virus.

Background: The worldwide epidemics of diseases as dengue and Zika have triggered an intense effort to repurpose drugs and search for novel antivirals to treat patients as no approved drugs for these diseases are currently available. Our aim was to screen plant-derived extracts to identify and isolate compounds with antiviral properties against dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV).

Methods: Seven thousand plant extracts were screened in vitro for their antiviral properties against DENV-2 and ZIKV by their viral cytopathic effect reduction followed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, previously validated for this purpose.

Absence of yellow fever virus circulation in wildlife rodents from Brazil.

Yellow fever (YF), caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), is an emerging viral zoonosis that affects humans and non-human primates (NHP). In South America, YF is naturally maintained through enzootic/sylvatic cycles involving NHPs and mosquitoes (Haemagogus and Sabethes). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed wildlife rodents to better understand their role in a potential alternative YF sylvatic cycle.

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): Evidence of Circulation in Donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast Region.

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as one of the equine diseases that must be notified. No effective treatment or vaccine is available. EIA control is based on segregation and euthanasia of positive equids.

Case report: hepatitis in a child infected with SARS-CoV-2 presenting toll-like receptor 7 Gln11Leu single nucleotide polymorphism.

Background: Covid-19 has the respiratory tract as the main target of infection, and patients present mainly dyspnea, pneumonia, dry cough, and fever. Nevertheless, organs outside the respiratory tract had been reported in recent studies, including the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The host innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through their pattern recognition receptor (PRRs).

Mouse hepatitis virus: A betacoronavirus model to study the virucidal activity of air disinfection equipment on surface contamination.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, containing the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), an extensively studied animal coronavirus. Since MHV and SARS-CoV-2 share the same genus, MHV could offer insights relative to SARS-CoV-2 studies.