Evaluation of synthetic promoters in Physcomitrella patens.

Securing a molecular toolbox including diverse promoters is essential for genome engineering. However, native promoters have limitations such as the available number or the length of the promoter. In this work, three short synthetic promoters were characterized by using the yellow fluorescent protein Venus.

Nurse turnover in New Zealand: costs and relationships with staffing practises and patient outcomes.

Aims: To determine the rates and costs of nurse turnover, the relationships with staffing practises, and the impacts on outcomes for nurses and patients.

Background: In the context of nursing shortages, information on the rates and costs of nursing turnover can improve nursing staff management and quality of care.

Methods: Quantitative and qualitative data were collected prospectively for 12 months.