Medium and long-term regional water demand prediction using Harris hawks optimisation-backpropagation neural network model.

Precise water demand prediction is essential for the efficient allocation and rational utilisation of regional water resources. This study addressed the challenge associated with medium and long-term water demand prediction by introducing a novel coupled model, HHO-BPNN (Harris Hawks Optimisation-Backpropagation Neural Network). Principal component analysis was employed to reduce the dimensionality of potential water demand factors.