Lake Superior evaporation: A long-term eddy covariance dataset at Stannard Rock Lighthouse (2008-2022).

Robust, accurate, and direct measurements of evaporation and related energy fluxes on the Laurentian Great Lakes are necessary to understand the large historical range in water levels, regional climatology, lake hydrodynamics, and lake-effect snowfall, all of which inform water management. Despite the societal and scientific importance of this information, few long-term, full-year, in situ measurements exist due to logistical, financial, and safety-related challenges. We present 15 years (2008-2022) of eddy covariance data from Stannard Rock, a historic lighthouse on Lake Superior located 38 km southeast of Manitou Island and 72 km north of Marquette, Michigan.

Reductions of Plastic Microbeads from Personal Care Products in Wastewater Effluents and Lake Waters Following Regulatory Actions.

Plastic microbeads were widely used as exfoliants in personal care products (PCPs; e.g., hand/body washes) in North America, but restrictions were imposed on their use in PCPs in the U.

Spatial distribution and extent of urban land cover control watershed-scale chloride retention.

In some cold regions up to 97% of the chloride (Cl) entering rivers and lakes is derived from road salts that are applied to impervious surfaces to maintain safe winter travel conditions. While a portion of the Cl applied as road salt is quickly flushed into streams during melt events via overland flow and flow through storm sewer pipes, the remainder enters the subsurface. Previous studies of individual watersheds have shown that between 28 and 77% of the applied Cl is retained on an annual basis, however a systematic evaluation of the spatial variability in Cl retention and potential driving factors has not been carried out.

Immunomodulators as adjuvants for vaccines and antimicrobial therapy.

A highly effective strategy for combating infectious diseases is to enhance host defenses using immunomodulators, either preventatively, through vaccination, or therapeutically. The effectiveness of many vaccines currently in use is due in part to adjuvants, molecules that have little immunogenicity by themselves but which help enhance and appropriately skew the immune response to an antigen. The development of new vaccines necessitates the development of new types of adjuvants to ensure an appropriate immune response.

G-protein-coupled receptor independent, immunomodulatory properties of chemokine CXCL9.

Certain chemokines possess anti-angiogenic and antibacterial activity, in addition to their ability to recruit leukocytes. Herein, we demonstrate that CXCL9/MIG induces the expression, by a monocytic cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, of a variety of chemokines including CXCL8/IL-8, CCL3/MIP-1alpha, CCL4/MIP-1beta, CCL2/MCP-1 in a pertussis toxin insensitive manner. Similarly, another cationic chemokine CCL20/MIP-3alpha, but not the non-cationic chemokines CCL2 or CCL3, stimulated monocytic cells to produce substantial amounts of CXCL8 and CCL3.

Low early-life social class leaves a biological residue manifested by decreased glucocorticoid and increased proinflammatory signaling.

Children reared in unfavorable socioeconomic circumstances show increased susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging when they reach the fifth and sixth decades of life. One mechanistic hypothesis for this phenomenon suggests that social adversity in early life programs biological systems in a manner that persists across decades and thereby accentuates vulnerability to disease. Here we examine the basic tenets of this hypothesis by performing genome-wide transcriptional profiling in healthy adults who were either low or high in socioeconomic status (SES) in early life.

Chronic stress, salivary cortisol, and alpha-amylase in children with asthma and healthy children.

The present study examined whether chronic stress is related to daily life levels of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a marker for sympathetic activity, and cortisol in healthy children versus children with asthma. Children's sAA and cortisol levels were measured repeatedly over 2 days. Chronic stress measures included interviews with children about chronic home life stress and interviews with parents about one marker of socioeconomic status, parental education.